Schiavone Nella, Virta Maarit, Leppämäki Sami, Launes Jyrki, Vanninen Ritva, Tuulio-Henriksson Annamari, Järvinen Ilkka, Lehto Eliisa, Hokkanen Laura
Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Terveystalo Healthcare, Helsinki, Finland.
Front Psychol. 2024 Aug 29;15:1393642. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1393642. eCollection 2024.
In this prospective cohort study over 40 years we investigated the effect of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and subthreshold ADHD on cognitive performance in adulthood.
The cohort comprised individuals with mild perinatal risks. Childhood ADHD group (cADHD, = 39) was compared to a group with subthreshold childhood attention or hyperactivity symptoms (cAP; = 79), a group with similar perinatal risks but no ADHD symptoms ( = 255), and to controls without ADHD symptoms or perinatal risks ( = 69). The groups were assessed with multiple neuropsychological measures in domains of verbal reasoning, perceptual skills, memory, working memory, attention, executive functions, and speed. Group-level differences and frequencies of deficient functioning were analyzed.
Overall, the groups' performance differed in all cognitive domains at age 40. Verbal reasoning, perceptual skills, memory, and speed had the largest effect sizes (0.51-0.62). The cADHD group's performance was lower than the other groups' on 13 out of 21 measures. The cAP group performed poorer than controls on five measures. In the cADHD group, 23% had three or more deficient cognitive domains, compared to 4-6% in the other groups.
Childhood ADHD is associated with impaired cognitive functioning in adulthood on several cognitive domains whereas childhood subthreshold ADHD is linked to fewer cognitive deficits. Task complexity was linked to poorer performance within the ADHD group. Our results add to the scarce longitudinal evidence of cognitive outcomes related to childhood ADHD and subthreshold symptoms.
在这项长达40年的前瞻性队列研究中，我们调查了儿童注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）和亚阈值ADHD对成年后认知能力的影响。
该队列包括有轻度围产期风险的个体。将儿童ADHD组（cADHD，n = 39）与有亚阈值儿童注意力或多动症状的组（cAP；n = 79）、有相似围产期风险但无ADHD症状的组（n = 255）以及无ADHD症状或围产期风险的对照组（n = 69）进行比较。通过在语言推理、感知技能、记忆、工作记忆、注意力、执行功能和速度等领域的多种神经心理学测量方法对这些组进行评估。分析了组间差异和功能缺陷的频率。
总体而言，在40岁时，各组在所有认知领域的表现均存在差异。语言推理、感知技能、记忆和速度的效应量最大（0.51 - 0.62）。在21项测量中有13项上，cADHD组的表现低于其他组。cAP组在5项测量上的表现比对照组差。在cADHD组中，23%的人有三个或更多认知领域功能缺陷，而其他组为4 - 6%。
儿童ADHD与成年后多个认知领域的认知功能受损有关，而儿童亚阈值ADHD与较少的认知缺陷有关。任务复杂性与ADHD组内较差的表现相关。我们的结果补充了与儿童ADHD和亚阈值症状相关的认知结果的稀缺纵向证据。
