Poddar Abhishek, Gaddam Sreelatha, Sonnaila Shivakumar, Bavaraju Venkata Suryanarayana Murthy, Agrawal Shilpi
Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
NeuroSci. 2025 May 6;6(2):41. doi: 10.3390/neurosci6020041.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with a multifactorial etiology involving genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. This review focuses on the current understanding of these contributing elements, examining how they interact to influence ADHD development. Genetic predispositions, environmental exposures, and epigenetic modifications collectively shape the risk and manifestation of the disorder. Despite advancements in research, significant challenges remain in identifying precise mechanisms and translating them into effective treatments. The variability of symptoms across individuals, influenced by factors such as age, gender, and cultural background, further complicates diagnosis and treatment. Addressing these challenges requires a deeper investigation into the underlying causes of ADHD and the development of tailored interventions. This review aims to highlight both the progress made in understanding ADHD etiology and the current gaps in treatment approaches, calling for more targeted research and personalized therapeutic strategies.
注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是一种复杂的神经发育障碍，其病因多因素，涉及遗传、表观遗传和环境因素。本综述聚焦于对这些促成因素的当前理解，审视它们如何相互作用以影响ADHD的发展。遗传易感性、环境暴露和表观遗传修饰共同塑造了该疾病的风险和表现。尽管研究取得了进展，但在确定精确机制并将其转化为有效治疗方法方面仍存在重大挑战。受年龄、性别和文化背景等因素影响，个体症状的变异性进一步使诊断和治疗复杂化。应对这些挑战需要对ADHD的潜在病因进行更深入的研究，并制定针对性的干预措施。本综述旨在突出在理解ADHD病因方面取得的进展以及当前治疗方法中的差距，呼吁开展更具针对性的研究和个性化治疗策略。
