Anatomy of the pancreas and Langerhans islets in snakes and lizards.

The pancreas of snakes (18 species) was comparatively examined and classified into five major types, based on structure of the lobes and ducts, spatial relationships with the spleen and the gall bladder, and the disposition of islet cells. These types trend toward fusion of the pancreatic lobes and compaction of the pancreas--a progression that coincides with the phylogeny of the snakes. The more primitive pancreas of lizards (17 species) also was surveyed; that of Varanus is of special interest because its structure is intermediate between the extended, tri-lobate pancreas of lizards and the compact pancreas of snakes and may represent a transitional link in the evolution of this organ. Islet tissue is always confined to the dorsal lobe and is concentrated in its distal region adjacent to the spleen. In primitive snakes and in Varanus, a large islet mass is sequestered within a distinct juxtasplenic "islet body" distanced from the dorsal lobe and connected to it by a slender stalk. In some of the most advanced snake species, numerous islets of endocrine cells are found within the spleen. The occurrence and formation of these intrasplenic islets is described in detail. The anatomic "affinity" between spleen and the islet region of the pancreas is discussed. A hypothesis for the development of the pancreas from embryonal placodes on the mid-gut is presented; it proposes that the exocrine and the endocrine components derive from different progenitor cells, and that the endocrine progenitors are located in the center of the dorsal placode. The hypothesis combines embryological and evolutionary views about the origin of the pancreas, and offers a rationale for differences in its structure and in the disposition of the islets.