Institute of Energy Economics and the Rational Use of Energy, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Oct 15;45(20):8842-9. doi: 10.1021/es201989d. Epub 2011 Sep 23.
A new dynamic plant uptake model is presented to characterize health impacts of pesticides applied to food crops, based on a flexible set of interconnected compartments. We assess six crops covering a large fraction of the worldwide consumption. Model estimates correspond well with observed pesticide residues for 12 substance-crop combinations, showing residual errors between a factor 1.5 and 19. Human intake fractions, effect and characterization factors are provided for use in life cycle impact assessment for 726 substance-crop combinations and different application times. Intake fractions typically range from 10⁻² to 10⁻⁸ kg(intake) kg(applied)⁻¹. Human health impacts vary up to 9 orders of magnitude between crops and 10 orders of magnitude between pesticides, stressing the importance of considering interactions between specific crop-environments and pesticides. Time between application and harvest, degradation half-life in plants and residence time in soil are driving the evolution of pesticide masses.We demonstrate that toxicity potentials can be reduced up to 99% by defining adequate pesticide substitutions. Overall, leafy vegetables only contribute to 2% of the vegetal consumption, but due to later application times and higher intake fractions may nevertheless lead to impacts comparable or even higher than via the larger amount of ingested cereals.
提出了一种新的动态植物吸收模型，用于根据一组灵活的相互关联的隔室来描述施用于食物作物的农药对健康的影响。我们评估了六种涵盖全球大量消费的作物。模型估计与 12 种物质-作物组合的观察到的农药残留非常吻合，显示残留误差在 1.5 到 19 倍之间。为 726 种物质-作物组合和不同施药时间提供了用于生命周期影响评估的人体摄入分数、效应和特征化因子。摄入分数通常在 10 ⁻² 到 10 ⁻⁸ kg（摄入）kg（施药） ⁻¹ 之间。人体健康影响在作物之间变化高达 9 个数量级，在农药之间变化高达 10 个数量级，强调了考虑特定作物-环境和农药之间相互作用的重要性。施药和收获之间的时间、植物体内的降解半衰期和土壤中的居留时间是农药质量演变的驱动因素。我们证明，通过定义适当的农药替代，可以将毒性潜力降低 99%。总的来说，叶菜类蔬菜仅占植物摄入量的 2%，但由于施药时间较晚且摄入分数较高，它们可能会导致与通过摄入更多的谷物相当甚至更高的影响。
