Intraoperative control of hemorrhage in penetrating ocular injuries.

Control of intraoperative hemorrhage is critical during vitreoretinal surgery for penetrating ocular injuries. Methods to control bleeding include: (1) raising the intraocular pressure, (2) intraocular diathermy, (3) fluid/gas exchange, (4) choice of irrigating solution, (5) addition of thrombin to the infusion solution, (6) endophotocoagulation, (7) silicone oil injection, (8) sodium hyaluronate injection. A combination of these various methods will almost always control bleeding in each case.