University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Aggress Behav. 2011 Nov-Dec;37(6):569-77. doi: 10.1002/ab.20413. Epub 2011 Sep 19.
Intrasexual competition among males of different species, including humans, is well documented. Among females, far less is known. Recent nonexperimental studies suggest that women are intolerant of attractive females and use indirect aggression to derogate potential rivals. In Study 1, an experimental design was used to test the evolutionary-based hypothesis that women would be intolerant of sexy women and would censure those who seem to make sex too readily available. Results provide strong empirical support for intrasexual competition among women. Using independent raters, blind to condition, we found that almost all women were rated as reacting negatively ("bitchy") to an attractive female confederate when she was dressed in a sexually provocative manner. In contrast, when she was dressed conservatively, the same confederate was barely noticed by the participants. In Study 2, an experimental design was used to assess whether the sexy female confederate from Study 1 was viewed as a sexual rival by women. Results indicated that as hypothesized, women did not want to introduce her to their boyfriend, allow him to spend time alone with her, or be friends with her. Findings from both studies are discussed in terms of evolutionary theory.
雄性动物之间的种内竞争在不同物种中都有记载,包括人类。而雌性动物之间的这种竞争则知之甚少。最近的非实验研究表明,女性对有魅力的女性不宽容,并会使用间接攻击来诋毁潜在的竞争对手。在研究 1 中,采用了实验设计来检验基于进化的假设,即女性对性感的女性不宽容,会谴责那些似乎轻易就能发生性行为的女性。研究结果为女性之间的种内竞争提供了强有力的实证支持。使用独立的、对实验条件不知情的评估者,我们发现,当一个有魅力的女性被打扮得性感时,几乎所有的女性都被评价为表现出消极的反应(“泼妇”)。相比之下,当她穿着保守时,参与者几乎没有注意到她。在研究 2 中,采用了实验设计来评估研究 1 中的性感女性助手是否被女性视为性竞争对手。结果表明,正如假设的那样,女性不想把她介绍给她们的男朋友,不允许他和她单独相处,也不想和她做朋友。这两项研究的结果都从进化理论的角度进行了讨论。