National Epidemiology and Surveillance, Canadian Blood Services, 1800 Alta Vista Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1G 4J5. sheila.o'
Transfus Med Rev. 2012 Jan;26(1):38-57. doi: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2011.07.001. Epub 2011 Sep 25.
Most industrialized countries maintain surveillance programs for monitoring transmissible infection in blood donations, revising approaches to methodology and risk assessment as new threats emerge. A comparison of programs in the United States, Canada, France, the UK, and Australia indicates that they have similar function, although the structure of blood programs vary as does the extent and nature of formal ties with public health. The emergence of HIV in the late 1970s and early 1980s was key in recognizing that surveillance systems specific to blood transfusion were essential. Hence, most industrialized countries monitor transfusion-transmissible infections in donors and evaluate the impact of new testing and of predonation screening strategies. Emerging infections since HIV have had different transmission pathways and challenged blood programs to draw upon resources for a rapid and effective response, with recognition that the original focus on sexual/drug-related risk of HIV and hepatitis was inadequate. The focus of surveillance programs on new and emerging pathogens fulfills a key role in risk assessment and policy formulation. The precise nature of such activities varies by country because of the structure of the blood programs and surveillance systems, the strategic focus of the blood programs, and the epidemiology of disease in each country.
大多数工业化国家都维持着传染性感染监测计划，以监测献血者中的传染性感染，并根据新出现的威胁不断修订方法和风险评估方法。对美国、加拿大、法国、英国和澳大利亚的计划进行比较表明，它们具有相似的功能，尽管血液计划的结构不同，与公共卫生的正式联系的程度和性质也不同。艾滋病毒在 20 世纪 70 年代末和 80 年代初的出现，使得人们认识到，专门针对输血的监测系统是必不可少的。因此，大多数工业化国家都在监测献血者中的输血传播感染，并评估新的检测方法和献血前筛查策略的影响。自艾滋病毒以来出现的新感染具有不同的传播途径，这使得血液计划需要利用资源做出快速有效的反应，并认识到最初对艾滋病毒和肝炎的性/药物相关风险的关注是不够的。监测计划对新出现的病原体的关注在风险评估和政策制定方面发挥着关键作用。由于血液计划和监测系统的结构、血液计划的战略重点以及每个国家的疾病流行病学，此类活动的具体性质因国家而异。
