European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2011 Dec;107(3):362-6. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.09.011. Epub 2011 Sep 19.
Melanoma is the most common form of cancer among young adults aged 25-29 years and the second most common cancer in those aged 15-29 years. We reviewed all the evidence regarding risk factors for melanoma, looking in particular at childhood exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV). UV radiation is clearly the predominant environmental and thus potentially modifiable risk factor for melanoma. All activities related to tan-seeking behaviour and history of sunburns were shown to be significantly associated to melanoma. Host factors, such as pigmentary characteristics, and genetic predisposition plays also an important role. UV exposure is not only due to the sun but also to indoor tanning devices that have been shown to lead to an elevated risk of melanoma. The strongest evidence for a link between artificial UV and melanoma is found among individuals who had their first exposure to indoor tanning before the age of 30: they have a 75% increase risk of developing melanoma than individuals who had no exposure to indoor tanning. Prevention is very important, especially for children and young adults, as childhood and adolescence are critical periods in the development of later melanoma. Indoor tanning is a widespread practice in most developed countries, particularly in Northern Europe and the USA. In the recent decades more and more people, especially teenagers and women, are exposed to substantially high radiant exposures of UV through artificial sources and these trends raised a considerable concern. In fact the International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded that the association between skin cancer and exposure to solar radiation and the use of UV-emitting tanning devices are causal. Interesting analyses carried out in Iceland showed that when interventions to discourage sunbed use were introduced the incidence of melanoma among women decreased. All this evidence encouraged many countries to introduce regulations on sunbed use to avoid exposure before the age of 18.
黑素瘤是 25-29 岁年轻人中最常见的癌症类型，也是 15-29 岁年轻人中第二常见的癌症。我们回顾了所有关于黑素瘤危险因素的证据，特别关注儿童时期暴露于紫外线 (UV) 的情况。紫外线辐射显然是黑素瘤的主要环境风险因素，因此也是潜在可改变的风险因素。所有与晒黑行为和晒伤史有关的活动都与黑素瘤显著相关。宿主因素，如色素特征和遗传易感性也起着重要作用。紫外线暴露不仅来自太阳，还来自室内晒黑设备，这些设备已被证明会导致黑素瘤风险升高。人工紫外线与黑素瘤之间关联的最强证据是在 30 岁之前首次接触室内晒黑的个体中发现的：他们患黑素瘤的风险比没有室内晒黑的个体增加 75%。预防非常重要，特别是对于儿童和年轻人，因为童年和青春期是以后发展为黑素瘤的关键时期。室内晒黑在大多数发达国家是一种普遍的做法，尤其是在北欧和美国。近几十年来，越来越多的人，尤其是青少年和妇女，通过人工来源暴露于大量高辐射的紫外线中，这些趋势引起了相当大的关注。事实上，国际癌症研究机构得出结论，皮肤癌与暴露于太阳辐射和使用紫外线发射晒黑设备之间的关联是因果关系。冰岛进行的有趣分析表明，当引入劝阻使用日光浴床的干预措施时，女性中黑素瘤的发病率下降。所有这些证据都促使许多国家出台了日光浴床使用规定，以避免 18 岁以下暴露。
