School of Biomedical & Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA Plymouth, UK.
J Fish Biol. 2011 Oct;79(4):821-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03080.x.
Manufactured nanomaterials (NM) are already used in consumer products and exposure modelling predicts releases of ng to low µg l(-1) levels of NMs into surface waters. The exposure of aquatic ecosystems, and therefore fishes, to manufactured NMs is inevitable. This review uses a physiological approach to describe the known effects of NMs on the body systems of fishes and to identify the internal target organs, as well as outline aspects of colloid chemistry relevant to fish biology. The acute toxicity data, suggest that the lethal concentration for many NMs is in the mg l(-1) range, and a number of sublethal effects have been reported at concentrations from c. 100 µg to 1 mg l(-1). Exposure to NMs in the water column can cause respiratory toxicity involving altered ventilation, mucus secretion and gill pathology. This may not lead, however, to overt haematological disturbances in the short term. The internal target organs include the liver, spleen and haematopoietic system, kidney, gut and brain; with toxic effects involving oxidative stress, ionoregulatory disturbances and organ pathologies. Some pathology appears to be novel for NMs, such as vascular injury in the brain of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss with carbon nanotubes. A lack of analytical methods, however, has prevented the reporting of NM concentrations in fish tissues, and the precise uptake mechanisms across the gill or gut are yet to be elucidated. The few dietary exposure studies conducted show no effects on growth or food intake at 10-100 mg kg(-1) inclusions of NMs in the diet of O. mykiss, but there are biochemical disturbances. Early life stages are sensitive to NMs with reports of lethal toxicity and developmental defects. There are many data gaps, however, including how water quality alters physiological responses, effects on immunity and chronic exposure data at environmentally relevant concentrations. Overall, the data so far suggest that the manufactured NMs are not as toxic as some traditional chemicals (e.g. some dissolved metals) and the innovative, responsible, development of nanotechnology should continue, with potential benefits for aquaculture, fisheries and fish health diagnostics.
已将制造的纳米材料（NM）用于消费产品中，暴露建模预测纳米材料将以 ng 至低 µg l(-1)的水平释放到地表水。水生生态系统，因此鱼类，不可避免地会接触到制造的 NM。本综述使用生理方法来描述 NM 对鱼类身体系统的已知影响，并确定内部靶器官，以及概述与鱼类生物学相关的胶体化学方面。急性毒性数据表明，许多 NM 的致死浓度在 mg l(-1)范围内，并且在 c.100 µg 至 1 mg l(-1)的浓度下已经报道了一些亚致死效应。在水柱中暴露于 NM 会引起呼吸毒性，包括通气改变、粘液分泌和鳃病理。然而，在短期内这可能不会导致明显的血液学紊乱。内部靶器官包括肝脏、脾脏和造血系统、肾脏、肠道和大脑；毒性作用涉及氧化应激、离子调节紊乱和器官病理。一些病理学似乎是 NM 特有的，例如碳纳米管引起虹鳟 Oncorhynchus mykiss 脑的血管损伤。然而，缺乏分析方法阻止了 NM 在鱼类组织中的浓度报告，并且穿过鳃或肠道的精确摄取机制尚未阐明。进行的少数饮食暴露研究表明，在虹鳟饲料中添加 10-100 mg kg(-1) 的 NM 对生长或食物摄入没有影响，但存在生化干扰。早期生活阶段对 NM 敏感，有致死毒性和发育缺陷的报道。然而，存在许多数据空白，包括水质如何改变生理反应、对免疫的影响以及在环境相关浓度下的慢性暴露数据。总的来说，到目前为止的数据表明，制造的 NM 不如一些传统化学物质（例如一些溶解金属）有毒，并且应该继续创新、负责任地开发纳米技术，为水产养殖、渔业和鱼类健康诊断带来潜在益处。
