Cartierre N, Coulon N, Demerval R
UPRES PSITEC EA4072, UFR de psychologie, université de Lille 3, BP 60149, 59653 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France.
Encephale. 2011 Sep;37(4):273-7. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2011.01.011. Epub 2011 Mar 24.
Screening depressivity among adolescents is a key public health priority. In order to measure the severity of depressive symptomatology, a four-dimensional 20 items scale called "Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale" (CES-D) was developed. A shorter 10-item version was developed and validated (Andresen et al.). For this brief version, several authors supported a two-factor structure - Negative and Positive affect - but the relationship between the two reversed-worded items of the Positive affect factor could be better accounted for by correlated errors.
The aim of this study is triple: firstly to test a French version of the CES-D10 among adolescents; secondly to test the relevance of a one-dimensional structure by considering error correlation for Positive affect items; finally to examine the extent to which this structural model is invariant across gender.
The sample was composed of 269 French middle school adolescents (139 girls and 130 boys, mean age: 13.8, SD=0.65). Confirmatory Factorial Analyses (CFA) using the LISREL 8.52 were conducted in order to assess the adjustment to the data of three factor models: a one-factor model, a two-factor model (Positive and Negative affect) and a one-factor model with specification of correlated errors between the two reverse-worded items. Then, multigroup analysis was conducted to test the scale invariance for girls and boys.
Internal consistency of the CES-D10 was satisfying for the adolescent sample (α=0.75). The best fitting model is the one-factor model with correlated errors between the two items of the previous Positive affect factor (χ(2)/dl=2.50; GFI=0.939; CFI=0.894; RMSEA=0.076). This model presented a better statistical fit to the data than the one-factor model without error correlation: χ(2)(diff) (1)=22.14, p<0.001. Then, the one-factor model with correlated errors was analyzed across separate samples of girls and boys. The model explains the data somewhat better for boys than for girls. The model's overall χ(2)(68) without equality constraints from the multigroup analysis was 107.98. The χ(2)(89) statistic for the model with equality-constrained factor loadings was 121.31. The change in the overall Chi(2) is not statistically significant. This result implies that the model is, therefore, invariant across gender. The mean scores were higher for girls than boys: 9.69 versus 7.19; t(267)=4.13, p<0.001.
To conclude, and waiting for further research using the French version of the CES-D10 for adolescents, it appears that this short scale is generally acceptable and can be a useful tool for both research and practice. The scale invariance across gender has been demonstrated but the invariance across age must be tested too.
筛查青少年的抑郁倾向是一项关键的公共卫生重点工作。为了测量抑郁症状的严重程度，开发了一种名为“流行病学研究中心抑郁量表”（CES - D）的四维20项量表。还开发并验证了一个较短的10项版本（安德烈森等人）。对于这个简短版本，几位作者支持两因素结构——消极和积极情绪，但积极情绪因素中两个反向计分项目之间的关系可以通过相关误差得到更好的解释。
本研究的目的有三个：首先在青少年中测试CES - D10的法语版本；其次通过考虑积极情绪项目的误差相关性来测试一维结构的相关性；最后检验这种结构模型在不同性别间的不变性程度。
样本由269名法国初中青少年组成（139名女孩和130名男孩，平均年龄：13.8岁，标准差 = 0.65）。使用LISREL 8.52进行验证性因子分析（CFA），以评估三个因子模型对数据的拟合情况：单因素模型、两因素模型（积极和消极情绪）以及一个在两个反向计分项目之间指定相关误差的单因素模型。然后，进行多组分析以测试女孩和男孩的量表不变性。
CES - D10在青少年样本中的内部一致性令人满意（α = 0.75）。最佳拟合模型是前一个积极情绪因素的两个项目之间存在相关误差的单因素模型（χ(2)/dl = 2.50；GFI = 0.939；CFI = 0.894；RMSEA = 0.076）。该模型对数据的统计拟合优于无误差相关性的单因素模型：χ(2)(差异)(1)=22.14，p < 0.001。然后，对具有相关误差的单因素模型在女孩和男孩的单独样本中进行分析。该模型对男孩数据的解释比对女孩数据的解释稍好一些。多组分析中无平等约束时模型的总体χ(2)(68)为107.98。具有平等约束因子载荷的模型的χ(2)(89)统计量为121.31。总体卡方的变化无统计学意义。这一结果意味着该模型在不同性别间是不变的。女孩的平均得分高于男孩：9.69对7.19；t(267)=4.13，p < 0.001。
总之，在等待使用青少年法语版CES - D10进行进一步研究的同时，这个简短量表似乎总体上是可接受的，并且可以成为研究和实践的有用工具。已证明该量表在不同性别间具有不变性，但在不同年龄间的不变性也必须进行测试。
