Nestle Purina PetCare Research, Checkerboard Square-2S, St. Louis, MO 63164, USA.
J Anim Sci. 2012 May;90(5):1653-62. doi: 10.2527/jas.2011-4571. Epub 2011 Oct 7.
Few diseases in modern pets are diet induced. One possible exception to this is obesity, which is ultimately caused by consuming more calories than needed by the dog or cat. Although fat is the most concentrated and efficiently stored source of calories, and protein least so, an excess of calories from any source will contribute to adiposity. Obesity is an excess of body fat sufficient to result in impairment of health or body function. In people, this is generally recognized as 20 to 25% above ideal BW. This degree of excess is important in dogs as well. A lifelong study in dogs showed that even moderately overweight dogs were at greater risk for earlier morbidity; these dogs required medication for chronic health problems sooner than their lean-fed siblings. The average difference in BW between groups was approximately 25%. Obese cats also face increased health risks, including an increased risk of arthritis, diabetes mellitus, hepatic lipidosis, and early mortality. The risk for development of diabetes increases about 2-fold in overweight cats and about 4-fold [corrected] in obese cats. Altered adipokine secretion appears to be an important mechanism for the link between excess BW and many diseases. Once considered to be physiologically inert, adipose tissue is an active producer of hormones, such as leptin and resistin, and cytokines, including many inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and C-reactive protein. The persistent, low-grade inflammation secondary to obesity is thought to play a causal role in chronic diseases such as osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and others. For example, tumor necrosis factor-α alters insulin sensitivity by blocking activation of insulin receptors. In addition, obesity is associated with increased oxidative stress, which also may contribute to obesity-related diseases. Management of obesity involves nutritional modification as well as behavioral modification. Increased protein intake combined with reduced calorie intake facilitates loss of body fat while minimizing loss of lean body mass. Limiting treats to 10% of calorie intake and increasing exercise both aid in successful BW management.
现代宠物的疾病很少是由饮食引起的。肥胖是一个可能的例外，它最终是由犬或猫摄入的卡路里超过其需要量引起的。尽管脂肪是最浓缩和高效储存卡路里的来源，而蛋白质则最少，但任何来源的卡路里过剩都会导致肥胖。肥胖是指体内脂肪过多，足以导致健康或身体功能受损。在人类中，这通常被认为是理想体重的 20%至 25%以上。这种程度的过剩在犬中也很重要。一项对犬的终身研究表明，即使是中度超重的犬也面临更大的早期发病风险；这些犬因慢性健康问题需要药物治疗的时间比它们瘦食的兄弟姐妹更早。两组之间的体重差异平均约为 25%。肥胖的猫也面临着更高的健康风险，包括关节炎、糖尿病、肝脂肪变性和早期死亡率增加的风险。超重猫患糖尿病的风险增加约 2 倍，肥胖猫增加约 4 倍[更正]。脂肪细胞因子分泌的改变似乎是超重与许多疾病之间联系的一个重要机制。脂肪组织曾被认为在生理上是惰性的，但它是激素如瘦素和抵抗素以及细胞因子的活性产生者，包括许多炎症细胞因子，如肿瘤坏死因子-α、IL-1β 和 IL-6 以及 C 反应蛋白。肥胖引起的持续性低度炎症被认为在骨关节炎、心血管疾病、糖尿病等慢性疾病中起因果作用。例如，肿瘤坏死因子-α通过阻止胰岛素受体的激活来改变胰岛素敏感性。此外，肥胖与氧化应激增加有关，这也可能导致与肥胖相关的疾病。肥胖的管理包括营养改变和行为改变。增加蛋白质摄入，同时减少热量摄入，有助于减少体脂，同时最大限度地减少瘦体重的损失。将零食限制在热量摄入的 10%以内，并增加运动，都有助于成功管理体重。
