Carroll M E
Psychiatry Department, University of Minnesota, Medical School, Minneapolis 55455.
Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse. 1990;9(1-2):167-90. doi: 10.1300/J251v09n01_10.
In this review phencyclidine and related arylcyclohexylamines and hallucinogens, using LSD as the prototype, are considered as two distinct classes of abused drugs. Within these classes drugs that are found on the street are discussed, and a current epidemiological summary is provided. The abuse liability and dependence potential of these drugs are evaluated by considering four major determinants of their abuse. First, is the ability of a drug to function as a positive reinforcer and increase the probability of operant behavior leading to its delivery. Animal data describing the reinforcing effects of PCP are reviewed with respect to the influence of variables controlling drug-reinforced behavior; however, there are no animal models of hallucinogen-reinforced behavior. Several methods of quantifying reinforcing efficacy are discussed. A second determinant is the subjective effects of the respective drugs. These effects are described and compared across drugs based on clinical reports in humans and drug discrimination studies in animals. A third determinant is the behavioral and physiological toxicity that results from acute and chronic use of these drugs. Clinical reports and results of sensitive tests that have been developed for laboratory animals are reviewed. A fourth determinant is the dependence potential that exists with these drugs, measured by tolerance development and the extent to which behavioral and physiological disturbances occur when drug use is terminated.
在本综述中，以苯环利定及相关芳基环己胺和致幻剂（以麦角酸二乙酰胺为原型）被视为两类不同的滥用药物。在这些类别中，讨论了街头发现的药物，并提供了当前的流行病学总结。通过考虑这些药物滥用的四个主要决定因素来评估它们的滥用倾向和成瘾潜力。首先，是药物作为阳性强化物发挥作用并增加导致其给药的操作性行为概率的能力。关于控制药物强化行为的变量的影响，回顾了描述苯环己哌啶强化作用的动物数据；然而，没有致幻剂强化行为的动物模型。讨论了几种量化强化效果的方法。第二个决定因素是各药物的主观效应。基于人类临床报告和动物药物辨别研究，描述并比较了这些药物的效应。第三个决定因素是这些药物急性和慢性使用所导致的行为和生理毒性。回顾了为实验动物开发的临床报告和敏感测试结果。第四个决定因素是这些药物存在的成瘾潜力，通过耐受性发展以及停药时行为和生理紊乱的程度来衡量。
