Conflicting representations of pain: a qualitative analysis of health care professionals' discourse.

INTRODUCTION

Studies regarding health care professionals' representations of pain indicate that doctors and nurses tend to concentrate on the organic origin of pain, and to view pain as subordinate to diagnosis and treatment of the disease; they also tend to underestimate the psychological and psychosocial components of pain, which means that they generally view the patient's subjective experience as secondary. This leads to an underestimation of pain.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to analyze the representations of pain held by doctors, head nurses, and nurses in two Italian hospitals, focusing on how these representations are shaped according to the local culture in which they are constructed and negotiated.

METHODS

Our study is based on a socio-constructionist approach, drawing on semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 26 health care professionals.

RESULTS

The results show similarities and differences in how health care professionals construct their representations of pain. Three main issues emerged. First, the contents of these representations are strictly related to participants' job position and professional training; second, the representation of pain is significantly influenced by the values and meanings associated with the different professions; and third, there are two conflicting representations of pain, focusing on the objectivity vs the subjectivity of pain, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

To promote significant change regarding pain management within hospital organizations, it is essential to construct shared representations of the problem and its implications, particularly as regards relations with the patient. This change should take place at the educational as well as the socio-organizational level, and it should take into account ideas and proposals from the subjects involved.