Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis , MO 63130, USA.
Memory. 2011 Nov;19(8):836-52. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2011.613840. Epub 2011 Oct 14.
Two experiments examined the influence of practice with, and the expectancy of, open-book tests (students viewed studied material while taking the test) versus closed-book tests (students completed the test without viewing the studied material) on delayed retention and transfer. Using GRE materials specifically designed for open-book testing, participants studied passages and then took initial open- or closed-book tests. Open-book testing led to better initial performance than closed-book testing, but on a delayed criterial (closed-book) test both types of testing produced similar retention after a two-day delay in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2 participants were informed in advance about the type of delayed criterial test to expect (open- or closed-book). Expecting an open-book test (relative to a closed-book test) decreased participants' time spent studying and their delayed test performance on closed-book comprehension and transfer tests, demonstrating that test expectancy can influence long-term learning. Expectancy of open-book tests may impair long-term retention and transfer compared to closed-book tests, despite superior initial performance on open-book tests and students' preference for open-book tests.
两项实验考察了在延迟保留和迁移方面,有或无开卷考试(学生在考试时可以查看学习过的材料)预期的练习对开卷考试(学生在没有查看学习材料的情况下完成考试)的影响。使用专为开卷考试设计的 GRE 材料,参与者学习文章,然后进行初始的开卷或闭卷考试。开卷考试比闭卷考试产生了更好的初始表现,但在实验 1 中两天的延迟后,在标准的闭卷考试中,这两种考试的保留效果相似。在实验 2 中,参与者事先被告知他们预期的延迟标准测试类型(开卷或闭卷)。与闭卷考试相比,期望开卷考试(相对于闭卷考试)会减少参与者的学习时间,以及他们在闭卷理解和转移测试中的延迟考试表现,这表明考试预期会影响长期学习。与闭卷考试相比,开卷考试的预期可能会损害长期保留和转移,尽管开卷考试的初始表现更好,学生也更喜欢开卷考试。