Fransman Wouter, Van Tongeren Martie, Cherrie John W, Tischer Martin, Schneider Thomas, Schinkel Jody, Kromhout Hans, Warren Nick, Goede Henk, Tielemans Erik
TNO, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
Ann Occup Hyg. 2011 Nov;55(9):957-79. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mer083. Epub 2011 Oct 14.
This paper describes the development of the mechanistic model within a collaborative project, referred to as the Advanced REACH Tool (ART) project, to develop a tool to model inhalation exposure for workers sharing similar operational conditions across different industries and locations in Europe. The ART mechanistic model is based on a conceptual framework that adopts a source receptor approach, which describes the transport of a contaminant from the source to the receptor and defines seven independent principal modifying factors: substance emission potential, activity emission potential, localized controls, segregation, personal enclosure, surface contamination, and dispersion. ART currently differentiates between three different exposure types: vapours, mists, and dust (fumes, fibres, and gases are presently excluded). Various sources were used to assign numerical values to the multipliers to each modifying factor. The evidence used to underpin this assessment procedure was based on chemical and physical laws. In addition, empirical data obtained from literature were used. Where this was not possible, expert elicitation was applied for the assessment procedure. Multipliers for all modifying factors were peer reviewed by leading experts from industry, research institutes, and public authorities across the globe. In addition, several workshops with experts were organized to discuss the proposed exposure multipliers. The mechanistic model is a central part of the ART tool and with advancing knowledge on exposure, determinants will require updates and refinements on a continuous basis, such as the effect of worker behaviour on personal exposure, 'best practice' values that describe the maximum achievable effectiveness of control measures, the intrinsic emission potential of various solid objects (e.g. metal, glass, plastics, etc.), and extending the applicability domain to certain types of exposures (e.g. gas, fume, and fibre exposure).
本文描述了一个合作项目中机械模型的开发情况，该项目称为高级REACH工具（ART）项目，旨在开发一种工具，用于对欧洲不同行业和地点、具有相似操作条件的工人的吸入暴露进行建模。ART机械模型基于一个采用源受体方法的概念框架，该方法描述了污染物从源到受体的传输，并定义了七个独立的主要修正因素：物质排放潜力、活动排放潜力、局部控制、隔离、个人防护、表面污染和扩散。ART目前区分三种不同的暴露类型：蒸气、雾和粉尘（目前不包括烟雾、纤维和气体）。使用了各种来源为每个修正因素的乘数分配数值。支撑该评估程序的证据基于化学和物理定律。此外，还使用了从文献中获得的经验数据。在无法获取经验数据的情况下，评估程序采用了专家意见。所有修正因素的乘数均由全球行业、研究机构和公共当局的顶尖专家进行同行评审。此外，还组织了几次与专家的研讨会，讨论提议的暴露乘数。机械模型是ART工具的核心部分，随着对暴露知识的不断推进，决定因素将需要持续更新和完善，例如工人行为对个人暴露的影响、描述控制措施最大可实现效果的“最佳实践”值、各种固体物体（如金属、玻璃、塑料等）的固有排放潜力，以及将适用范围扩展到某些类型的暴露（如气体、烟雾和纤维暴露）。
