Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
Parasitol Res. 2012 Nov;111(5):2189-99. doi: 10.1007/s00436-011-2671-2. Epub 2011 Oct 18.
Plant products may be alternative sources of parasitic control agents, since they constitute a rich source of bioactive compounds that are eco-friendly and nontoxic products. The plant extracts are good and safe alternatives due to their low toxicity to mammals and easy biodegradability. In the present study, fruit peel aqueous extract of Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) extracted by immersion method exhibited adulticidal activity against Haemaphysalis bispinosa (Acarina: Ixodidae) and the hematophagous fly, Hippobosca maculata (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), and larvicidal activity against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), Anopheles subpictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). The chemical composition of A. squamosa fruit peel aqueous extract was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major chemical constituent of peel aqueous extract of A. squamosa was identified as 1H- cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene-[1ar-(1aα,4aα, 7β, 7 a, β, 7bα)] (28.55%) by comparison of mass spectral data and retention times. The other major constituents present in the aqueous extract were retinal 9-cis- (12.61%), 3,17-dioxo-4-androsten-11alpha-yl hydrogen succinate (6.86%), 1-naphthalenepentanol decahydro-5-(hydroxymethyl)-5,8a-dimethyl-y,2-bis(methylene)-(1α,4aβ,5α,8aα) (14.83%), 1-naphthalenemethanol decahydro -5-(5-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-pentenyl)- 1,4a-di methyl - 6-methylene -(1S-[1α, 4aα, 5α(E), 8aβ] (4.44%), (-)-spathulenol (20.75%), podocarp-7-en-3-one13β-methyl-13-vinyl- (5.98%), and 1-phenanthrene carboxaldehyde 7-ethenyl-1,2,3,4,4a,4,5,6,7,9,10,10a-dodecahydro-1,4a,7-trimethyl-[1R-(1α,4aβ.4bα,7β, 10aα)]-(5.98%). The adult and larval parasitic mortalities observed in fruit peel aqueous extract of A. squamosa were 31, 59, 80, 91, and100%; 27, 42, 66, 87, and 100%; and 33, 45, 68, 92, and 100% at the concentrations of 250, 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 ppm, respectively, against Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Hippobosca maculata, and R. microplus. The observed larvicidal efficacies were 36, 55, 72, 92, 100% and 14, 34, 68, 89, and 100% at 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 ppm, respectively, against A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus. The highest parasite mortality was found after 24 h of exposure against Haemaphysalis bispinosa (LC(50) = 404.51 ppm, r (2) = 0.890), Hippobosca maculata (LC(50) = 600.75 ppm, r (2) = 0.983), the larvae of R. microplus (LC(50) = 548.28 ppm, r (2) = 0.975), fourth-instar larvae of A. subpictus (LC(50) = 327.27 pm, r (2) = 0.970), and C. quinquefasciatus (LC(50) = 456.29 ppm, r (2) = 0.974), respectively. The control (distilled water) showed nil mortality in the concurrent assay. The χ (2) values were significant at p < 0.05 level. Therefore, the eco-friendly and biodegradable compounds from fruit peel aqueous extract of A. squamosa may be an alternative to conventional synthetic chemicals, particularly in integrated approach for the control of Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Hippobosca maculata, R. microplus, and the medically important vectors A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus.
植物产物可能是寄生虫控制剂的替代来源，因为它们是具有生物活性的化合物的丰富来源，这些化合物对哺乳动物具有生态友好性和非毒性，并且易于生物降解。在本研究中，通过浸渍法从番荔枝（番荔枝科）果皮中提取的水提取物对长角血蜱（蜱螨目：硬蜱科）和吸血蝇厩螫蝇（双翅目：螫蝇科）具有杀成虫活性，对牛蜱（微小牛蜱）、按蚊苏比克和库蚊五分点幼虫具有杀幼虫活性（节肢动物：蜱科）。用气相色谱-质谱法分析了 A. squamosa 果皮水提取物的化学成分。通过比较质谱数据和保留时间，鉴定出 A. squamosa 果皮水提取物的主要化学成分为 1H-环丙[e]薁-7-醇十氢-1,1,7-三甲基-4-亚甲基-[1ar-(1aα,4aα,7β,7a,β,7bα)]（28.55%）。水提取物中还存在其他主要成分，包括视黄醛 9-顺式（12.61%）、3,17-二氧代-4-雄烯-11α-基琥珀酸（6.86%）、1-萘戊醇十氢-5-（羟甲基）-5,8a-二甲基-y,2-双（亚甲基）-（1α,4aβ,5α,8aα）（14.83%）、1-萘甲醇十氢-5-（5-羟基-3-甲基-3-戊烯基）-1,4a-二甲基-6-亚甲基-（1S-[1α,4aα,5α（E）,8aβ]（4.44%）、(-)-spathulenol（20.75%）、podocarp-7-en-3-one13β-甲基-13-乙烯基-（5.98%）和 1-菲甲醛 7-乙烯基-1,2,3,4,4a,4,5,6,7,9,10,10a-十二氢-1,4a,7-三甲基-[1R-(1α,4aβ.4bα,7β,10aα)]-（5.98%）。在 250、500、1000、1500 和 2000 ppm 浓度下，A. squamosa 果皮水提取物对长角血蜱、厩螫蝇和微小牛蜱的成虫和幼虫的寄生死亡率分别为 31%、59%、80%、91%和 100%、27%、42%、66%、87%和 100%、33%、45%、68%、92%和 100%。在 200、400、600、800 和 1000 ppm 浓度下，A. squamosa 果皮水提取物对按蚊苏比克和库蚊五分点的幼虫的杀幼虫活性分别为 36%、55%、72%、92%和 100%、14%、34%、68%、89%和 100%。暴露 24 小时后，对长角血蜱（LC 50=404.51 ppm，r 2=0.890）、厩螫蝇（LC 50=600.75 ppm，r 2=0.983）、微小牛蜱幼虫（LC 50=548.28 ppm，r 2=0.975）、第四龄按蚊苏比克幼虫（LC 50=327.27 pm，r 2=0.970）和库蚊五分点幼虫（LC 50=456.29 ppm，r 2=0.974）的寄生虫死亡率最高。在同时进行的试验中，对照（蒸馏水）没有显示出任何死亡率。χ 2值在 p<0.05 水平上显著。因此，番荔枝果皮水提取物中的环保和可生物降解化合物可能是替代传统合成化学品的一种选择，特别是在控制长角血蜱、厩螫蝇、微小牛蜱以及具有医学重要性的按蚊苏比克和库蚊五分点的综合方法中。
