Ventricular function during exercise in mice and rats.

The mouse has many advantages over other experimental models for the molecular investigation of left ventricular (LV) function. Accordingly, there is a keen interest in, as well as an intense need for, a conscious, chronically instrumented, freely moving mouse model for the determination of cardiac function. To address this need, we used a telemetry device for repeated measurements of LV function in conscious mice at rest and during exercise. For reference, we compared the responses in mice to the responses in identically instrumented conscious rats. The transmitter body of the telemetry device (rat PA-C40; mouse PA-C10; Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN) was placed in the intraperitoneal space through a ventral abdominal approach (rat) or subcutaneously on the left flank (mouse). The pressure sensor, located within the tip of a catheter, was inserted into the left ventricle through an apical stab wound (18 gauge for rat; 21 gauge for mouse) for continuous, nontethered, recordings of pulsatile LV pressure. A minimum of 1 wk was allowed for recovery and for the animals to regain their presurgical weight. During the recovery period, the animals were handled, weighed, and acclimatized to the laboratory, treadmill, and investigators. Subsequently, LV parameters were recorded at rest and during a graded exercise test. The results document, for the first time, serial assessment of ventricular function during exercise in conscious mice and rats. This methodology may be adopted for advancing the concepts and ideas that drive cardiovascular research.