Krugers Harm J, Zhou Ming, Joëls Marian, Kindt Merel
Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Front Behav Neurosci. 2011 Oct 11;5:62. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00062. eCollection 2011.
Memories for emotionally arousing and fearful events are generally well retained. From the evolutionary point of view this is a highly adaptive behavioral response aimed to remember relevant information. However, fearful memories can also be inappropriately and vividly (re)expressed, such as in posttraumatic stress disorder. The memory formation of emotionally arousing events is largely modulated by hormones, peptides, and neurotransmitters which are released during and after exposure to these conditions. One of the core reactions in response to a stressful situation is the rapid activation of the autonomic nervous system, which results in the release of norepinephrine in the brain. In addition, stressful events stimulate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis which slowly increases the release of glucocorticoid hormones from the adrenal glands. Here we will review how glucocorticoids and norepinephrine regulate the formation of fearful memories in rodents and humans and how these hormones can facilitate the storage of information by regulating excitatory synapses.
对情绪唤起和恐惧事件的记忆通常能很好地保留下来。从进化的角度来看，这是一种高度适应性的行为反应，旨在记住相关信息。然而，恐惧记忆也可能以不适当且生动的方式（重新）表现出来，比如在创伤后应激障碍中。情绪唤起事件的记忆形成在很大程度上受到激素、肽类和神经递质的调节，这些物质在接触这些情况期间及之后会被释放。应对压力状况的核心反应之一是自主神经系统的快速激活，这会导致大脑中去甲肾上腺素的释放。此外，压力事件会刺激下丘脑 - 垂体 - 肾上腺轴，从而缓慢增加肾上腺糖皮质激素的释放。在此，我们将综述糖皮质激素和去甲肾上腺素如何调节啮齿动物和人类恐惧记忆的形成，以及这些激素如何通过调节兴奋性突触来促进信息的存储。
