Military University of Technology, Institute of Chemistry, 2 Kaliski Street, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland.
J Chromatogr A. 2011 Nov 25;1218(47):8457-79. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.066. Epub 2011 Oct 1.
Solid phase microextraction (SPME) is an increasingly common method of sample isolation and enhancement. SPME is a convenient and simple sample preparation technique for chromatographic analysis and a useful alternative to liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction. SPME is speed and simply method, which has been widely used in environmental analysis because it is a rather safe method when dealing with highly toxic chemicals. A combination of SPME and gas chromatography (GC) permits both the qualitative and quantitative analysis of toxic industrial compounds, pesticides and chemical warfare agents (CWAs), including their degradation products, in air, water and soil samples. This work presents a combination of SPME and GC methods with various types of detectors in the analysis of CWAs and their degradation products in air, water, soil and other matrices. The combination of SPME and GC methods allows for low detection limits depending on the analyte, matrix and detection system. Commercially available fibers have been mainly used to extract CWAs in headspace analysis. However, attempts have been made to introduce new fiber coatings that are characterized by higher selectivities towards different analytes of interest. Environmental decomposition of CWAs leads to the formation of more hydrophilic products. These compounds may be isolated from samples using SPME and analyzed using GC however, they must often be derivatized first to produce good chromatography. In these cases, one must ensure that the SPME method also meets the same needs. Otherwise, it is helpful to use derivatization methods. SPME may also be used with fieldportable mass spectrometry (MS) and GC-MS instruments for chemical defense applications, including field sampling and analysis. SPME fibers can be taken into contaminated areas to directly sample air, headspaces above solutions, soils and water.
固相微萃取（SPME）是一种日益常见的样品分离和增强方法。SPME 是一种用于色谱分析的方便、简单的样品制备技术，是液-液萃取和固相萃取的有用替代品。SPME 是一种快速简单的方法，由于在处理高毒性化学物质时是一种相当安全的方法，因此已广泛应用于环境分析中。SPME 与气相色谱（GC）的结合允许对有毒工业化合物、农药和化学战剂（CWA）进行定性和定量分析，包括它们在空气、水和土壤样品中的降解产物。这项工作提出了将 SPME 和 GC 方法与各种类型的检测器结合，用于分析空气中、水中、土壤中和其他基质中的 CWA 及其降解产物。SPME 和 GC 方法的结合可以根据分析物、基质和检测系统实现低检测限。市售纤维主要用于顶空分析中提取 CWA。然而，已经尝试引入新的纤维涂层，这些涂层具有对不同感兴趣的分析物更高的选择性。CWA 在环境中的分解会导致形成更亲水的产物。这些化合物可以使用 SPME 从样品中分离出来，并使用 GC 进行分析，但是它们通常必须首先进行衍生化以产生良好的色谱图。在这种情况下，必须确保 SPME 方法也满足相同的需求。否则，使用衍生化方法会有所帮助。SPME 也可与现场便携式质谱（MS）和 GC-MS 仪器一起用于化学防御应用，包括现场采样和分析。SPME 纤维可以带入污染区域，直接对空气、溶液上方的顶空、土壤和水进行采样。
