Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Immunol Rev. 2011 Nov;244(1):75-84. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01061.x.
Lymph nodes (LNs) maintain active homeostasis at steady state. However, in response to changes in the local environment, such as local infection, cancer, vaccination, and autoimmune disease, dramatic remodeling of LN occurs. This remodeling includes changes in size, lymph and blood flow, immune cell trafficking and cellularity, lymphatic and blood vessel growth and activation, as well as microarchitecture. Therefore, inflammatory conditions often lead to enlarged nodes; after local inflammation resolves, LNs actively regress in size and return to steady state. Remodeling of lymphatic vessels (LVs) and blood vessels (BVs) during both the expansion and regression phases are key steps in controlling LN size as well as function. The cells, membrane-associated molecules, and soluble cytokines that are essential for LV and BV homeostasis as well as dynamic changes in the expansion and regression phases have not been well defined. Understanding the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms behind LN remodeling would help us to better control undesired immune responses (e.g. inflammation and autoimmune diseases) or promote desired responses (e.g. antitumor immunity and vaccination). In this review, we focus on how the closely related tumor necrosis factor (TNF) members: LIGHT (TNFSF14), lymphotoxin-αβ, and TNF-α contribute to the remodeling of LNs at various stages of inflammation.
淋巴结 (LNs) 在稳态下维持着活跃的内稳态。然而,在响应局部环境变化时,如局部感染、癌症、接种疫苗和自身免疫性疾病,LN 会发生剧烈的重塑。这种重塑包括大小、淋巴和血流、免疫细胞迁移和细胞密度、淋巴管和血管生长和激活以及微结构的变化。因此,炎症状态通常会导致淋巴结肿大;局部炎症消退后,LN 会主动缩小并恢复到稳态。在扩张和消退阶段,淋巴管 (LVs) 和血管 (BVs) 的重塑是控制 LN 大小和功能的关键步骤。对于 LV 和 BV 的稳态以及在扩张和消退阶段的动态变化至关重要的细胞、膜相关分子和可溶性细胞因子尚未得到很好的定义。了解 LN 重塑背后的细胞和分子机制将有助于我们更好地控制不良的免疫反应(如炎症和自身免疫性疾病)或促进所需的反应(如抗肿瘤免疫和疫苗接种)。在这篇综述中,我们重点关注密切相关的肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF) 家族成员:LIGHT (TNFSF14)、淋巴毒素-αβ 和 TNF-α 如何在炎症的各个阶段促进 LN 的重塑。
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