Tomaszewski Paweł, Zmijewski Piotr, Gajewski Jan, Milde Katarzyna, Szczepańska Beata
Zaklad Statystki i Informatyki, Katedra Anatomii, Biomechaniki Akademiii Wychowania Fizycznego.
Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2011;17(3):129-33.
Resulting from the interaction between environmental and genetic factors differences in somatic potentials that manifest in different body size and body proportions may decide of children's motor skills and predispositions. Determination of morphological conditioning of physical fitness facilitates a more rational control of physical education processes.
Somatic characteristics of 9-year-old boys with different levels of physical fitness:
Somatic traits and physical fitness were assessed in 9-year-old boys (n=308) attending to public elementary schools in Warsaw. Based on the results of the International Test of Physical Fitness (ITPF), groups of boys with low (lowest quartile; n=77) or high (highest quartile; n=76) levels of physical fitness were distinguished. Anthropometric measurements comprised of assessment of body height, body mass, sitting height, arm span, waist and hip circumferences, shoulder and hip widths and thickness of 5 skinfolds. Based on the biceps and subscapular skinfolds body fat content was determined. Additionally, ponderal index, waist-to-hip ratio, sitting height to body height ratio and shoulders-to-hip ratio were calculated. Based on body mass index (BMI) values, underweight, overweight and normal body mass subjects were distinguished among the boys within both, low and high physical fitness categories.
No significant differences between the groups were found for body height, trunk length and arm span. However, boys with low physical fitness were less slim, had a significantly higher body mass (by about 18%), almost two-fold higher body fat content (24.0 vs. 13.7%), significantly greater waist-to-hip circumference, lesser shoulder-to-hip ratio (p <0.001) and relatively shorter legs (p <0.05) compared to boys exhibiting higher levels of physical fitness. Among boys with higher levels of physical fitness, subjects classified as having normal body mass predominated (87%), while in boys with low physical fitness the percentages of normal and overweight subjects were equal and amounted to 47%.
Body height and longitudinal dimensions seem to contribute to physical fitness of 9-year-old boys to a considerably lesser degree than body mass and other body-size related features. Since the prevalence of overweight subjects among less fit boys is alarmingly high some preventive steps should be made, one of them being arranging additional forms of physical activity that would reduce body fat and consequently diminish deficiencies in physical fitness.
环境因素与遗传因素相互作用，导致身体潜能的差异，这种差异表现为不同的体型和身体比例，可能决定儿童的运动技能和体质倾向。确定身体素质的形态学条件有助于更合理地控制体育教育过程。
研究不同身体素质水平的9岁男孩的身体特征。
对就读于华沙公立小学的9岁男孩（n = 308）进行身体特征和身体素质评估。根据国际体能测试（ITPF）的结果，区分出身体素质水平低（最低四分位数；n = 77）或高（最高四分位数；n = 76）的男孩组。人体测量包括身高、体重、坐高、臂展、腰围和臀围、肩宽和臀宽以及5处皮褶厚度的评估。根据肱二头肌和肩胛下皮褶厚度确定体脂含量。此外，计算了体质指数、腰臀比、坐高与身高比以及肩臀比。根据体重指数（BMI）值，在身体素质低和高的男孩组中分别区分出体重过轻、超重和体重正常的受试者。
两组在身高、躯干长度和臂展方面未发现显著差异。然而，与身体素质较高的男孩相比，身体素质低的男孩体型较不苗条，体重显著更高（约高18%），体脂含量几乎高出两倍（24.0%对13.7%），腰臀围比显著更大，肩臀比更小（p < 0.001），腿部相对较短（p < 0.05）。在身体素质较高的男孩中，体重正常的受试者占主导（87%），而在身体素质低的男孩中，体重正常和超重的受试者百分比相等，均为47%。
身高和纵向维度对9岁男孩身体素质的贡献似乎远小于体重和其他与体型相关的特征。由于身体素质较差的男孩中超重受试者的比例高得惊人，应采取一些预防措施，其中之一是安排额外的体育活动形式，以减少体脂，从而减少身体素质方面的不足。
