Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
Mar Environ Res. 2012 May;76:22-31. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.09.015. Epub 2011 Oct 15.
Aquatic organisms are constantly exposed to both physical (e.g. temperature and salinity variations) and chemical (e.g. endocrine disruptor chemicals, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, diatom toxins, and other toxicants) stressors which they react to by activating a series of defense mechanisms. This paper reviews the literature on the defense systems, including detoxification enzymes and proteins (e.g. glutathione S-transferases, heat shock proteins, superoxide dismutase and catalase), studied in copepods at the molecular level. The data indicate high inter- and intra-species variability in copepod response, depending on the type of stressor tested, the concentration and exposure time, and the enzyme isoform studied. Ongoing -omics approaches will allow the identification of new genes which will give a more comprehensive overview of how copepods respond to specific stressors in laboratory and/or field conditions and the effects of these responses on higher trophic levels.
水生生物经常受到物理（例如温度和盐度变化）和化学（例如内分泌干扰化学物质、重金属、碳氢化合物、硅藻毒素和其他有毒物质）压力源的影响，它们通过激活一系列防御机制来对此做出反应。本文综述了在分子水平上研究桡足类动物防御系统的文献，包括解毒酶和蛋白质（例如谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶、热休克蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶）。数据表明，桡足类动物的反应存在高度的种间和种内变异性，这取决于所测试的应激源类型、浓度和暴露时间，以及所研究的酶同工型。正在进行的组学方法将允许识别新的基因，从而更全面地了解桡足类动物如何在实验室和/或野外条件下对特定应激源做出反应，以及这些反应对更高营养级的影响。
