Dept of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2012 May;13(6):873-87. doi: 10.2174/138920112800399239.
Resistance to the macrocyclic lactones (MLs) has been confirmed or suspected in many target organisms and is a serious problem in some. For some species, such as parasitic nematodes of small ruminants, ML resistance has become severe enough to threaten effective worm control worm control. Resistance is also a major concern in horse parasites and an emerging problem in cattle. Despite this, we have insufficient understanding of the mechanisms of ML resistance, especially in nematodes. Some insect and mite agricultural pests express higher levels of detoxifying enzymes, leading to cross-resistance to other pesticide classes. A major difficulty is in the identification of true resistance and distinguishing this from other causes of treatment or prophylaxis failure--some in vitro assays for ML resistance are available but more are badly needed. Changes in the way anthelmintic drugs are used in livestock farming have been proposed, based on the treatment of those animals that would benefit most, and schemes have been devised for identifying those animals, flocks and herds. The continued sustainable use of these invaluable drugs may depend on the adoption and improvement of such schemes, as resistance is likely to become an ever more serious problem.
大环内酯类（MLs）的耐药性已在许多靶标生物中得到证实或怀疑，在某些靶标生物中是一个严重的问题。对于一些物种，如小反刍动物的寄生线虫，ML 耐药性已经变得非常严重，威胁到有效的蠕虫控制。耐药性也是马寄生虫的主要关注点，也是牛的一个新出现的问题。尽管如此，我们对 ML 耐药性的机制仍了解不足，尤其是在线虫中。一些昆虫和螨虫农业害虫表达更高水平的解毒酶，导致对其他农药类别的交叉耐药性。一个主要的困难是在于鉴定真正的耐药性，并将其与其他治疗或预防失败的原因区分开来——虽然有一些用于 ML 耐药性的体外检测方法，但仍迫切需要更多的方法。基于对最受益的动物进行治疗，提出了改变牲畜中大环内酯类药物使用方式的建议，并制定了识别这些动物、羊群和牛群的方案。这些宝贵药物的持续可持续使用可能取决于这些方案的采用和改进，因为耐药性很可能成为一个更加严重的问题。
