Dept. of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
Water Res. 2011 Dec 15;45(20):6650-60. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.049. Epub 2011 Oct 19.
To check the effectiveness of campaigns preventing drug abuse or indicating local effects of efforts against drug trafficking, it is beneficial to know consumed amounts of substances in a high spatial and temporal resolution. The analysis of drugs of abuse in wastewater (WW) has the potential to provide this information. In this study, the reliability of WW drug consumption estimates is assessed and a novel method presented to calculate the total uncertainty in observed WW cocaine (COC) and benzoylecgonine (BE) loads. Specifically, uncertainties resulting from discharge measurements, chemical analysis and the applied sampling scheme were addressed and three approaches presented. These consist of (i) a generic model-based procedure to investigate the influence of the sampling scheme on the uncertainty of observed or expected drug loads, (ii) a comparative analysis of two analytical methods (high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry), including an extended cross-validation by influent profiling over several days, and (iii) monitoring COC and BE concentrations in WW of the largest Swiss sewage treatment plants. In addition, the COC and BE loads observed in the sewage treatment plant of the city of Berne were used to back-calculate the COC consumption. The estimated mean daily consumed amount was 107 ± 21 g of pure COC, corresponding to 321 g of street-grade COC.
为了检查预防药物滥用或表明打击毒品贩运工作的地方效果的活动的有效性，了解物质在高时空分辨率下的消耗情况是有益的。废水（WW）中滥用药物的分析具有提供这些信息的潜力。在这项研究中，评估了 WW 药物消耗估计的可靠性，并提出了一种新的方法来计算观察到的 WW 可卡因（COC）和苯甲酰古柯碱（BE）负荷的总不确定性。具体而言，解决了排放测量、化学分析和应用采样方案产生的不确定性，并提出了三种方法。这些方法包括：（i）一种基于通用模型的程序，用于研究采样方案对观察到的或预期药物负荷不确定性的影响，（ii）两种分析方法（高效液相色谱-串联质谱法和气相色谱-质谱法）的比较分析，包括通过几天的进水分析进行扩展交叉验证，以及（iii）监测瑞士最大的污水处理厂的 WW 中的 COC 和 BE 浓度。此外，还利用伯尔尼市污水处理厂观察到的 COC 和 BE 负荷来反向计算 COC 的消耗量。估计的平均每日消耗量为 107 ± 21 克纯 COC，相当于 321 克街头级 COC。
