Bladder cancer. What's new in diagnosis and treatment?

Advances in diagnosis and treatment have improved survival rates, bladder preservation, and quality of life in patients with bladder cancer. Flow cytometry and flexible endoscopy have enhanced early diagnosis, and intravesical use of BCG vaccine has decreased the rate of recurrence and progression of superficial bladder cancer. Systemic chemotherapy is effective in patients with invasive and metastatic bladder cancer. Although these advances are encouraging, continued investigation is required to further improve bladder preservation and survival rates, and clinical application of laser therapy and phototherapy needs to be fully developed.