Exposure Science Division, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2011 Oct;61(10):1015-25. doi: 10.1080/10473289.2011.599281.
The objective of this study was to estimate the contribution of a facility that processes steel production slag into raw material for cement production to local outdoor particle deposition in Camden, NJ. A dry deposition sampler that can house four 37-mm quartz fiber filters was developed and used for the collection of atmospheric particle deposits. Two rounds of particle collection (3-4 weeks each) were conducted in 8-11 locations 200-800 m downwind of the facility. Background samples were concurrently collected in a remote area located -2 km upwind from the facility. In addition, duplicate surface wipe samples were collected side-by-side from each of the 13 locations within the same sampling area during the first deposition sampling period. One composite source material sample was also collected from a pile stored in the facility. Both the bulk of the source material and the < 38 microm fraction subsample were analyzed to obtain the elemental source profile. The particle deposition flux in the study area was higher (24-83 mg/m2 x day) than at the background sites (13-17 mg/m2day). The concentration of Ca, a major element in the cement source production material, was found to exponentially decrease with increasing downwind distance from the facility (P < 0.05). The ratio of Ca/Al, an indicator of Ca enrichment due to anthropogenic sources in a given sample, showed a similar trend. These observations suggest a significant contribution of the facility to the local particle deposition. The contribution of the facility to outdoor deposited particle mass was further estimated by three independent models using the measurements obtained from this study. The estimated contributions to particle deposition in the study area were 1.8-7.4% from the regression analysis of the Ca concentration in particle deposition samples against the distance from the facility, 0-11% from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) source-receptor model, and 7.6-13% from the EPA Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3) dispersion model using the particle-size-adjusted permit-based emissions estimates.
本研究的目的是估算一家将钢铁生产渣加工为水泥生产原料的工厂对新泽西南部卡姆登（Camden）地区户外颗粒沉积的本地贡献。开发了一种可容纳四个 37 毫米石英纤维滤器的干沉降采样器，用于收集大气颗粒沉积物。在设施下风 200-800 米的 8-11 个位置进行了两轮颗粒收集（每轮 3-4 周）。同时在距离设施下风 -2 公里的偏远地区采集背景样本。此外，在第一次沉积采样期间，在同一采样区的 13 个位置的每一个位置旁边都收集了重复的表面擦拭样本。还从设施中储存的一堆材料中采集了一个复合源材料样本。对源材料的大部分和 <38 微米的子样本进行分析，以获得元素源分布。研究区域的颗粒沉积通量较高（24-83mg/m2 x 天），高于背景站点（13-17mg/m2 x 天）。发现工厂下风距离每增加一倍，水泥源生产材料中的主要元素钙的浓度呈指数下降（P <0.05）。由于人为源在给定样品中导致的 Ca 富集的指示物 Ca/Al 的比值也呈现出类似的趋势。这些观察结果表明，该设施对当地颗粒沉积有重大贡献。通过本研究获得的测量值，使用三种独立模型进一步估算了该设施对户外沉积颗粒质量的贡献。根据对工厂下风距离的 Ca 浓度的回归分析，估计对研究区域颗粒沉积的贡献为 1.8-7.4%；使用美国环境保护署（EPA）化学质量平衡（CMB）源-受体模型，估计为 0-11%；使用 EPA 工业源综合短期（ISCST3）分散模型，根据调整后的粒径的许可排放量估计值，估计为 7.6-13%。
