Zhu Xianlei, Fan Zhihua Tina, Wu Xiangmei, Meng Qingyu, Wang Sheng-Wei, Tang Xiaogang, Ohman-Strickland Pamela, Georgopoulos Panos, Zhang Junfeng, Bonanno Linda, Held Joann, Lioy Paul
University of Medicine and Dentistry of NJ (UMDNJ), USA.
Atmos Environ (1994). 2008 Oct 1;42(32):7329-7338. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.039.
The spatial variations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were characterized in the Village of Waterfront South neighborhood (WFS), a "hot spot" for air toxics in Camden, NJ. This was accomplished by conducting "spatial saturation sampling" for 11 VOCs using 3500 OVM passive samplers at 22 sites in WFS and 16 sites in Copewood/Davis Streets (CDS) neighborhood, an urban reference area located ∼1000 m east of the WFS. Sampling durations were 24 and 48 h. For all 3 sampling campaigns (2 in summer and 1 in winter), the spatial variations and median concentrations of toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (TEX) were found significantly higher (p < 0.05) in WFS than in CDS, where the spatial distributions of these compounds were relatively uniform. The highest concentrations of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (maximum of 159 μg m(-3)) were always found at one site close to a car scrapping facility in WFS during each sampling campaign. The spatial variation of benzene in WFS was found to be marginally higher (p = 0.057) than in CDS during one sampling campaign, but similar in the other two sampling periods. The results obtained from the analyses of correlation among all species and the proximity of sampling site to source indicated that local stationary sources in WFS have significant impact on MTBE and BTEX air pollution in WFS, and both mobile sources and some of the stationary sources in WFS contributed to the ambient levels of these species measured in CDS. The homogenous spatial distributions (%RSD < 24%) and low concentrations of chloroform (0.02-0.23 μg m(-3)) and carbon tetrachloride (0.45-0.51 μg m(-3)) indicated no significant local sources in the study areas. Further, results showed that the sampling at the fixed monitoring site may under- or over-estimate air pollutant levels in a "hot spot" area, suggesting that the "spatial saturation sampling" is necessary for conducting accurate assessment of air pollution and personal exposure in a community with a high density of sources.
挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）的空间变化特征在新泽西州卡姆登市滨水南区（WFS）村进行了研究，该地区是空气有毒物质的“热点”地区。这是通过在WFS的22个地点和科普伍德/戴维斯街（CDS）社区的16个地点使用3500个OVM被动采样器对11种VOCs进行“空间饱和采样”来完成的，CDS社区是位于WFS以东约1000米处的一个城市参考区域。采样持续时间为24小时和48小时。在所有3次采样活动（夏季2次，冬季1次）中，发现WFS中甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯（TEX）的空间变化和中位数浓度显著高于CDS（p < 0.05），而这些化合物在CDS的空间分布相对均匀。在每次采样活动中，甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）的最高浓度（最大值为159微克/立方米）总是在WFS中靠近一个汽车拆解设施的一个地点发现。在一次采样活动中，发现WFS中苯的空间变化略高于CDS（p = 0.057），但在其他两个采样期相似。对所有物种之间的相关性以及采样点与源的接近程度的分析结果表明，WFS中的本地固定源对WFS中的MTBE和BTEX空气污染有显著影响，WFS中的移动源和一些固定源都对CDS中测量的这些物种的环境水平有贡献。氯仿（0.02 - 0.23微克/立方米）和四氯化碳（0.45 - 0.51微克/立方米）的均匀空间分布（%RSD < 24%）和低浓度表明研究区域内没有明显的本地源。此外，结果表明，在固定监测点的采样可能会低估或高估“热点”地区的空气污染物水平，这表明“空间饱和采样”对于在源密度高的社区进行空气污染和个人暴露的准确评估是必要的。
