Kleinsasser N H, Sassen A W, Wallner B W, Staudenmaier R, Harréus U A, Richter E
Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenkranke der Universität Regensburg.
GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;3:Doc03. Epub 2004 Dec 28.
In the past centuries mankind has been exposed to various forms of air pollution not only at his occupational but also in his social environment. He mainly gets exposed with these pollutants through the respiratory organs and partially absorbs them into the body. Many of these airborne substances can be harmful for humans and some of them may account for tumorigenic effects.The following essay describes the main features of toxicological assessment of inhalative environmental and workplace xenobiotics. The essay also explains relevant characteristics and limit values of noxious compounds and gases and depicts modern testing methods. To this end, emphasis is given on methods characterizing the different stages of tumorigenic processes. Various test systems have been developed which can be used in vivo, ex vivo or in vitro. They are to a great part based on the evidence of changes in DNA or particular genes of cells. Among others they have highlighted the impact of interindividual variability on enzymatic activation of xenobiotics and on susceptibility of the host to tumor diseases.Unfortunately, for many inhalative environmental noxious agents no sufficient risk profiles have been developed. The completion of these profiles should be the goal of toxicological assessment in order to allow reasonable socioeconomic or individual-based risk reduction.
在过去几个世纪里，人类不仅在职业环境中，而且在社会环境中都面临着各种形式的空气污染。人类主要通过呼吸器官接触这些污染物，并部分将其吸收进体内。许多这些空气传播物质可能对人类有害，其中一些可能具有致癌作用。以下文章描述了吸入性环境和工作场所外源性物质毒理学评估的主要特征。文章还解释了有害化合物和气体的相关特性及限值，并描述了现代检测方法。为此，重点介绍了表征致癌过程不同阶段的方法。已经开发了各种测试系统，可用于体内、离体或体外。它们在很大程度上基于细胞DNA或特定基因变化的证据。其中，它们突出了个体间变异性对外源性物质酶促激活以及宿主对肿瘤疾病易感性的影响。不幸的是，对于许多吸入性环境有害剂，尚未制定出足够的风险概况。完成这些概况应是毒理学评估的目标，以便实现合理的社会经济或基于个体的风险降低。
