a Institute of History, University of Helsinki , Finland.
Popul Stud (Camb). 1979 Mar;33(1):101-14. doi: 10.1080/00324728.1979.10412779.
Summary In this paper the development of fertility and mortality in Finland, and their interrelations with each other and with economic factors is discussed. An analysis by individual years shows that rises and falls in mortality and fertility rates did not always coincide with poor and good harvests. Fertility in Finland decreased slightly at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but fell sharply over the period 1876-1925. This fall corresponded closely to changes in the death rate, especially for infants, and appears to justify the conclusion that the changes were connected. These population shifts have been called the first and second demographic transitions, of which the latter was the more dramatic. Factors tending to reduce mortality among infants and in other age groups during the second demographic transition are obvious; those underlying the first demographic transition are less clear. In this connection, the importance of breast feeding and campaigns designed to favour the practice are stressed. These helped to reduce infant mortality and were one of the main reasons for the first demographic transition. Finnish material also suggests that some kind of family planning existed during the pre-industrial period; it is only by making this assumption that the various figures can be made compatible.
本文讨论了芬兰生育率和死亡率的发展及其相互关系和与经济因素的关系。通过对个别年份的分析表明，死亡率和生育率的上升和下降并不总是与歉收和丰收相吻合。芬兰的生育率在 18 世纪和 19 世纪之交略有下降，但在 1876 年至 1925 年期间急剧下降。这种下降与死亡率的变化，特别是婴儿死亡率的变化非常吻合，这似乎证明了这种变化是相互关联的。这些人口变化被称为第一和第二次人口转变，其中第二次更为显著。在第二次人口转变期间，降低婴儿和其他年龄组死亡率的因素是显而易见的；而导致第一次人口转变的因素则不太清楚。在这方面，强调了母乳喂养和旨在促进母乳喂养的运动的重要性。这些措施有助于降低婴儿死亡率，是第一次人口转变的主要原因之一。芬兰的资料还表明，在工业化前时期可能存在某种形式的计划生育；只有做出这样的假设，才能使各种数据相互兼容。
