Potential applications of laccase-mediated coupling and grafting reactions: a review.

Many industries are currently pursuing enzymatic approaches for developing green chemistry technologies mainly due to shortcomings of physico-chemical methods, growing environmental concerns, legal restrictions, and increasing scientific knowledge. Laccase-assisted reactions, in particular, are being intensively investigated as they are generally eco-friendly and have wide application potential. Laccases only require oxygen as co-substrate, they release water as the only by-product and have a wide substrate range which can be further extended by use of laccase-mediator systems. Consequently, research covering various applications of laccase has been rapidly increasing in recent years, particularly in the areas of coupling and grafting reactions. This review summarizes the advances that have been made in developing technologies based on laccase-mediated coupling and grafting reactions for potential application in areas such as environmental pollution control, modification of lignocellulose materials, food industry, biosensors, textile industry, pharmaceutical industry, and in organic synthesis.