Oetting E R, Beauvais F
Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523.
J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990 Aug;58(4):385-94. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.58.4.385.
Adolescent drug use increased until about 1981, but since then it has steadily declined. Current data show some drug use in the 4th and 5th grades and considerable increases from the 6th to the 9th grades. For drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, and stimulants, lifetime prevalence continues to increase through high school; for drugs such as inhalants and heroin, lifetime prevalence may decline for Grades 10, 11, and 12, suggesting that students who use these drugs early may drop out. Drug use of rural youth is similar to that of other youth. Barrio, ghetto, and Native-American reservation youth may have high rates of use, but use of Black and Hispanic seniors may be equivalent to or less than that of White seniors. National data and broadly defined ethnic data, however, may cover up important subgroup differences. For example, Western Mexican-American girls have lower use than Western Spanish-American girls, possibly because of the greater influence of "marianisma." Different locations may also have very different patterns of adolescent drug use, calling for different types of local intervention.
青少年吸毒现象在1981年左右之前呈上升趋势，但自那时起便持续下降。目前的数据显示，四年级和五年级存在一定程度的吸毒现象，从六年级到九年级吸毒人数显著增加。对于大麻、可卡因和兴奋剂等毒品，整个高中阶段终生吸毒率持续上升；对于吸入剂和海洛因等毒品，十年级、十一年级和十二年级的终生吸毒率可能下降，这表明较早开始吸食这些毒品的学生可能会辍学。农村青少年的吸毒情况与其他青少年相似。西班牙裔聚居区、贫民窟以及美洲原住民保留地的青少年吸毒率可能较高，但黑人及西班牙裔高年级学生的吸毒率可能与白人高年级学生相当或更低。然而，全国性数据和宽泛定义的种族数据可能掩盖了重要的亚群体差异。例如，墨西哥裔美国西部女孩的吸毒率低于西班牙裔美国西部女孩，这可能是因为“圣母崇拜”的影响更大。不同地区的青少年吸毒模式也可能大相径庭，这就需要采取不同类型的地方干预措施。
