Cognition and Action Research Group, Human Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
Int J Psychophysiol. 2012 Feb;83(2):144-55. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.11.010. Epub 2011 Dec 2.
Since the discovery of an event-related brain potential (ERP) component, auditory mismatch negativity (auditory MMN), there has been a long-lasting debate regarding the existence of its counterparts in other sensory modalities. Over the past few decades, several studies have confirmed the existence of mismatch negativity in the visual modality (visual MMN) and have revealed the various characteristics of visual MMN. In the present review, a full range of visual MMN studies are overviewed from the perspective of the predictive framework of visual MMN recently proposed by Kimura et al. (2011b). In the first half, the nature of visual MMN is reviewed in terms of (1) typical paradigm and morphologies, (2) underlying processes, (3) neural generators, and (4) functional significance. The main message in this part is that visual MMN is closely associated with the unintentional prediction of forthcoming visual sensory events on the basis of abstract sequential rules embedded in the temporal context of visual stimulation (i.e., "unintentional temporal-context-based prediction in vision"). In the second half, the nature of the unintentional prediction is discussed in terms of (1) behavioral indicators, (2) cognitive properties, and (3) neural substrates and mechanisms. As the main message in this part, I put forward a hypothetical model, which suggests that the unintentional prediction might be implemented by a bi-directional cortical network that includes the visual and prefrontal areas.
自发现事件相关脑电位（ERP）成分——听觉失匹配负波（auditory MMN）以来，关于其在其他感觉模态中是否存在对应成分的争论一直持续不断。在过去的几十年中，已有多项研究证实了视觉失匹配负波（visual MMN）的存在，并揭示了视觉 MMN 的各种特征。在本篇综述中，我们从 Kimura 等人（2011b）最近提出的视觉 MMN 预测框架的角度，全面回顾了视觉 MMN 的研究。在前半部分，我们从以下四个方面来探讨视觉 MMN 的本质：（1）典型的范式和形态，（2）潜在的过程，（3）神经发生器，以及（4）功能意义。这部分的主要观点是，视觉 MMN 与基于时间背景的、对即将到来的视觉感觉事件的无意识预测密切相关，这种预测是基于视觉刺激的时间背景中隐含的抽象序列规则（即“视觉中的无意识时间背景基预测”）。在后半部分，我们从以下三个方面来讨论无意识预测的本质：（1）行为指标，（2）认知特性，以及（3）神经基质和机制。作为这部分的主要观点，我们提出了一个假设模型，该模型表明无意识预测可能是由一个包括视觉和前额叶区域的双向皮质网络来实现的。
