School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, USA.
Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2012;19(4):449-78. doi: 10.1080/13825585.2011.630718. Epub 2011 Dec 8.
Older adults adopt memory-based response strategies during consistent practice more slowly and less completely than younger adults. In two experiments, participants either prelearned all, half, or none of the noun-pair stimuli prior to the completion of a standard noun-pair lookup task. Higher proportions of prelearning generally led to a faster and more complete strategic shift from visual scanning to memory retrieval during the lookup task, and a strong prelearning criterion for all items eliminated the age-related slowing of retrieval shift. However, the 50% prelearned condition resulted in strategy shift that was inconsistent with simple mechanistic associative learning, revealing a strategic set that was retrieval-avoidant in older adults.
老年人在一致的实践中采用基于记忆的反应策略的速度比年轻人慢，且不如年轻人完成得好。在两项实验中，参与者要么在完成标准名词对查找任务之前预先学习所有、一半或没有名词对刺激，要么预先学习。较高的预学习比例通常会导致在查找任务中，从视觉扫描到记忆检索的策略转变更快、更完整，并且对所有项目的强预学习标准消除了检索转变与年龄相关的减速。然而，50%的预学习条件导致的策略转变不符合简单的机械联想学习，揭示了老年人中存在一种回避检索的策略集。
