Molecular diversity of methanogens and identification of Methanolobus sp. as active methylotrophic Archaea in Lonar crater lake sediments.

Soda lakes constitute extreme aquatic ecosystems with remarkably high primary productivity rates, but information on the diversity and activity of methanogens in such environments is sparse. Using 16S rRNA and functional genes, we investigated the diversity of methanogens in the sediments of Lonar Lake, a unique saline and alkaline ecosystem formed by meteorite impact in the Deccan basalts. Although domain and phylum level 16S rRNA gene libraries were dominated by phylotypes related to Halobacteriales, sequences related to potentially novel Archaea within the orders Methanosarcinales and Methanomicrobiales were obtained together with a significant fraction of sequences representing uncultivated Euryarchaeota [Correction added after online publication 16 April 2012: orders 'Methanosarcina and Methanomicrobiaceae' changed to 'Methanosarcinales and Methanomicrobiales']. To identify the active methylotrophic Archaea involved in methanogenesis, mRNA transcripts of mcrA were retrieved from methanol consuming and methane emitting sediment microcosms at two different time points. Reverse-transcription PCR, qPCR, DGGE fingerprint, and clone library analysis showed that the active Archaea were closely related to Methanolobus oregonensis. To our knowledge, this is the first study identifying active methylotrophic methanogens in such an environment.