Application of proteomics to cancer early detection.

Strategies to achieve personalized medicine and improve public health encompass assessment of an individual's risk for disease, early detection, and molecular classification of disease resulting in an informed choice of the most appropriate treatment instituted at an early stage of disease development. An unmet need in this field for which proteomics is well suited to make a major contribution is the development of blood-based tests for early cancer detection. This is illustrated in proteomic studies of epithelial cancer that encompass analysis of specimens collected both at the time of diagnosis and specimens collected before onset of symptoms that are particularly suited for the identification of early detection markers. This overarching effort benefits from the availability of plasmas from subject cohorts and of engineered mouse models that are sampled at early stages of tumor development. Integration of findings from plasma with tumor tissue and cancer cell proteomic and genomic data allows elucidation of signatures in plasma for altered signaling pathways. The discovery and further development of early detection markers take advantage of the availability of in-depth quantitative proteomics methods and bioinformatics resources for data mining.