Simonov P V
Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
Neurosci Behav Physiol. 1990 May-Jun;20(3):230-5. doi: 10.1007/BF01195460.
The most complex unconditioned "reflexes of aim and freedom," discovered by I.P. Pavlov, are compared with the "competence drive" and the "motivation of the resistance to coercion," respectively, described by contemporary ethologists. On the basis of the unconditioned "reflex of purpose," conditioned reflexes were developed in which positive emotions arising in connection with the perfection of a skill, irrespective of its pragmatic significance at a given moment, serve as the reinforcement. The unconditioned "reflex of freedom" is regarded as a phylogenetic precursor of the will, and its acute extinction as the physiological mechanism of hypnosis. It was demonstrated experimentally that the appearance of the state of "animal hypnosis" (immobilization catatonia) in rabbits is accompanied by the predominance of electrical activity and heat production in the right hemisphere, i.e., by symptoms which are found in hypnosis in man.
伊万·彼德罗维奇·巴甫洛夫所发现的最复杂的无条件“目的与自由反射”，分别与当代动物行为学家所描述的“能力驱力”和“抗拒强制的动机”相比较。基于无条件“目的反射”，发展出了条件反射，其中与技能完善相关产生的积极情绪，无论其在特定时刻的实际意义如何，都作为强化物。无条件“自由反射”被视为意志的系统发育先驱，而其急剧消退则被视为催眠的生理机制。实验证明，兔子出现“动物催眠”（固定性紧张症）状态时，伴随着右半球电活动和产热占优势，即出现了人类催眠时所发现的症状。
