Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Box 41163, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2012 Feb 1;416:253-60. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.067. Epub 2011 Dec 23.
Synthetic musk fragrances (SMFs) are considered micropollutants and can be found in various environmental matrices near wastewater discharge areas. These emerging contaminants are often detected in wastewater at low concentrations; they are continuously present and constitute a constant exposure source. Objectives of this study were to investigate the environmental fate, transport, and transformation of SMFs. Occurrence of six polycyclic musk compounds (galaxolide, tonalide, celestolide, phantolide, traseolide, cashmeran) and two nitro musk compounds (musk xylene and musk ketone) was monitored in wastewater, various surface waters and their sediments, as well as groundwater, soil cores, and plants from a treated wastewater land application site. Specifically, samples were collected quarterly from (1) a wastewater treatment plant to determine initial concentrations in wastewater effluent, (2) a storage reservoir at a land application site to determine possible photolysis before land application, (3) soil cores to determine the amount of sorption after land application and groundwater recharge to assess lack thereof, (4) a lake system and its sediment to assess degradation, and (5) non-effluent impacted local playa lakes and sediments to assess potential sources of these compounds. All samples were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Data indicated that occurrence of SMFs in effluent-impacted environments was detectable at ng/L and ng/g concentrations, which decreased during transport throughout wastewater treatment and land application. However, unexpected concentrations, ng/L and ng/g, were also detected in playa lakes not receiving treated effluent. Additionally, soil cores from land application sites had ng/g concentrations, and SMFs were detected in plant samples at trace levels. Galaxolide and tonalide were consistently found in all environments. Information on occurrence is critical to assessing exposure to these potential endocrine disrupting compounds. Such information could provide a scientific framework for establishing the need for environmental regulations.
合成麝香香料（SMFs）被认为是微量污染物，可在废水排放区附近的各种环境基质中找到。这些新兴污染物通常在废水中以低浓度检测到；它们持续存在，构成了一个恒定的暴露源。本研究的目的是调查 SMFs 的环境归宿、迁移和转化。在污水处理厂废水、各种地表水及其沉积物以及经处理的废水土地应用现场的地下水、土壤芯和植物中监测到六种多环麝香化合物（加洛麝香、桃乐麝香、麝香二醇、幻影麝香、麝香环十五内酯、酮麝香）和两种硝基麝香化合物（二甲苯麝香和麝香酮）的存在。具体而言，每季从以下地点采集样本：（1）污水处理厂，以确定废水流出物中的初始浓度；（2）土地应用现场的储存库，以确定土地应用前可能发生的光解；（3）土壤芯，以确定土地应用后吸附的量和地下水补给以评估缺乏情况；（4）湖泊系统及其沉积物，以评估降解情况；（5）非废水影响的当地浅湖湖和沉积物，以评估这些化合物的潜在来源。所有样品均使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）进行分析。数据表明，SMFs 在受废水影响的环境中的存在可在 ng/L 和 ng/g 浓度下检测到，并且在整个废水处理和土地应用过程中运输过程中浓度降低。然而，在未接收处理废水的浅湖湖中也检测到了意外的浓度，ng/L 和 ng/g。此外，土地应用现场的土壤芯也含有 ng/g 浓度，并且在植物样本中检测到痕量的 SMFs。加洛麝香和桃乐麝香在所有环境中均一致存在。有关存在的信息对于评估对这些潜在内分泌干扰化合物的暴露至关重要。这些信息可以为制定环境法规的必要性提供科学框架。
