Strasburger Hans, Rentschler Ingo, Jüttner Martin
Institut für Medizinische Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany.
J Vis. 2011 Dec 1;11(5):13. doi: 10.1167/11.5.13.
We summarize the various strands of research on peripheral vision and relate them to theories of form perception. After a historical overview, we describe quantifications of the cortical magnification hypothesis, including an extension of Schwartz's cortical mapping function. The merits of this concept are considered across a wide range of psychophysical tasks, followed by a discussion of its limitations and the need for non-spatial scaling. We also review the eccentricity dependence of other low-level functions including reaction time, temporal resolution, and spatial summation, as well as perimetric methods. A central topic is then the recognition of characters in peripheral vision, both at low and high levels of contrast, and the impact of surrounding contours known as crowding. We demonstrate how Bouma's law, specifying the critical distance for the onset of crowding, can be stated in terms of the retinocortical mapping. The recognition of more complex stimuli, like textures, faces, and scenes, reveals a substantial impact of mid-level vision and cognitive factors. We further consider eccentricity-dependent limitations of learning, both at the level of perceptual learning and pattern category learning. Generic limitations of extrafoveal vision are observed for the latter in categorization tasks involving multiple stimulus classes. Finally, models of peripheral form vision are discussed. We report that peripheral vision is limited with regard to pattern categorization by a distinctly lower representational complexity and processing speed. Taken together, the limitations of cognitive processing in peripheral vision appear to be as significant as those imposed on low-level functions and by way of crowding.
我们总结了关于周边视觉的各种研究线索，并将它们与形状感知理论联系起来。在进行历史概述之后，我们描述了皮质放大假说的量化，包括施瓦茨皮质映射函数的扩展。在广泛的心理物理学任务中考虑了这一概念的优点，随后讨论了其局限性以及非空间缩放的必要性。我们还回顾了其他低级功能的离心率依赖性，包括反应时间、时间分辨率和空间总和，以及视野计方法。然后一个核心主题是周边视觉中字符的识别，包括低对比度和高对比度下的识别，以及被称为拥挤效应的周围轮廓的影响。我们展示了如何根据视网膜皮质映射来阐述规定拥挤效应起始临界距离的布马定律。对更复杂刺激（如图纹理、面孔和场景）的识别揭示了中级视觉和认知因素的重大影响。我们进一步考虑了学习的离心率依赖性限制，包括感知学习和模式类别学习层面。在涉及多个刺激类别的分类任务中，观察到后者存在中央凹外视觉的一般限制。最后，讨论了周边形状视觉模型。我们报告称，周边视觉在模式分类方面受到明显较低的表征复杂性和处理速度的限制。总体而言，周边视觉中认知处理的限制似乎与那些施加于低级功能以及通过拥挤效应产生的限制一样显著。
