Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2012 Jul;19(6):2125-37. doi: 10.1007/s11356-011-0712-0. Epub 2012 Jan 6.
This study collected long-term airborne lead concentrations in the Korean peninsula and analyzed their temporal, spatial, and cancer risk characterization.
Approximately, 12,000 airborne samples of total suspended particulate (TSP) were collected from 30 ambient air monitoring stations in inland (Daegu, Daejeon, Gwangju, and Seoul) cities and portal cities (Incheon, Busan, and Ulsan) over a period of 7 years (2004-2010). High volume air samplers were employed to collect daily TSP samples during the second week of the consecutive months throughout the entire study period. The concentrations of Pb extracted from the TSP samples were analyzed using either inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission or flame atomic absorption spectrometry.
The long-term high mean Pb concentrations were observed in the port cities including Incheon (88 ± 18 ng/m(3)), Ulsan (61 ± 7 ng/m(3)), and Busan (58 ± 6 ng/m(3)). In the temporal analysis, seasonal mean Pb levels were relatively higher in winter and spring than those in summer and fall. In the spatial analysis, the mean Pb levels in spring, winter, and fall from Incheon, which showed the highest seasonal concentrations except summer, were 110 ± 19, 101 ± 18, and 76 ± 23 ng/m(3), respectively. In summer, the highest seasonal mean Pb level was observed in the largest industrial city and the second port city, Ulsan (78 ± 15 ng/m(3)), followed by Incheon (65 ± 13 ng/m(3)).
The estimated excess cancer risk analysis showed that inhalation of Pb could result in cancer for one or two persons per million of population in the Korean peninsula.
本研究收集了朝鲜半岛的长期空气中铅浓度，并分析了其时间、空间和癌症风险特征。
在 7 年（2004-2010 年）期间，在 30 个内陆城市（大邱、大田、光州和首尔）和门户城市（仁川、釜山和蔚山）的 30 个环境空气监测站收集了大约 12000 个总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）的空气样本。在整个研究期间，使用大容量空气采样器在连续月份的第二周内收集每日 TSP 样本。使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱或火焰原子吸收光谱法分析从 TSP 样本中提取的 Pb 浓度。
在包括仁川（88 ± 18 ng/m3）、蔚山（61 ± 7 ng/m3）和釜山（58 ± 6 ng/m3）在内的港口城市观察到长期高平均 Pb 浓度。在时间分析中，冬季和春季的季节性平均 Pb 水平相对夏季和秋季较高。在空间分析中，仁川除夏季外，其他三个季节的平均 Pb 水平分别为 110 ± 19、101 ± 18 和 76 ± 23 ng/m3。在夏季，最高的季节性平均 Pb 水平出现在最大的工业城市和第二大港口城市蔚山（78 ± 15 ng/m3），其次是仁川（65 ± 13 ng/m3）。
估计的超额癌症风险分析表明，朝鲜半岛每百万人口中，吸入 Pb 可能导致一人或两人患癌症。
