8-21 岁儿童计算机神经认知成套测验表现的年龄组和性别差异。
Age group and sex differences in performance on a computerized neurocognitive battery in children age 8-21.
机构信息
Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine.
Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
出版信息
Neuropsychology. 2012 Mar;26(2):251-265. doi: 10.1037/a0026712. Epub 2012 Jan 16.
OBJECTIVE
Examine age group effects and sex differences by applying a comprehensive computerized battery of identical behavioral measures linked to brain systems in youths that were already genotyped. Such information is needed to incorporate behavioral data as neuropsychological "biomarkers" in large-scale genomic studies.
METHOD
We developed and applied a brief computerized neurocognitive battery that provides measures of performance accuracy and response time for executive-control, episodic memory, complex cognition, social cognition, and sensorimotor speed domains. We tested a population-based sample of 3,500 genotyped youths ages 8-21 years.
RESULTS
Substantial improvement with age occurred for both accuracy and speed, but the rates varied by domain. The most pronounced improvement was noted in executive control functions, specifically attention, and in motor speed, with some effect sizes exceeding 1.8 standard deviation units. The least pronounced age group effect was in memory, where only face memory showed a large effect size on improved accuracy. Sex differences had much smaller effect sizes but were evident, with females outperforming males on attention, word and face memory, reasoning speed, and all social cognition tests and males outperforming females in spatial processing and sensorimotor and motor speed. These sex differences in most domains were seen already at the youngest age groups, and age group × sex interactions indicated divergence at the oldest groups with females becoming faster but less accurate than males.
CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate that cognitive performance improves substantially in this age span, with large effect sizes that differ by domain. The more pronounced improvement for executive and reasoning domains than for memory suggests that memory capacities have reached their apex before age 8. Performance was sexually modulated and most sex differences were apparent by early adolescence.
目的
通过应用与已基因分型的大脑系统相关的相同行为测量综合计算机化电池，检查年龄组效应和性别差异。需要这种信息将行为数据纳入大规模基因组研究中的神经心理学“生物标志物”。
方法
我们开发并应用了一个简短的计算机化神经认知电池，该电池提供了执行控制、情景记忆、复杂认知、社会认知和感觉运动速度领域的表现准确性和反应时间的测量。我们测试了一个基于人群的 3500 名基因分型的 8-21 岁青少年样本。
结果
准确性和速度都有了显著的提高，但速度因领域而异。最显著的改善是在执行控制功能，特别是注意力和运动速度方面，一些效应大小超过 1.8 个标准差单位。年龄组效应最小的是记忆，只有面孔记忆在准确性提高方面表现出较大的效应大小。性别差异的效应大小要小得多，但却很明显，女性在注意力、单词和面孔记忆、推理速度以及所有社会认知测试方面的表现优于男性，而男性在空间处理和感觉运动速度方面的表现优于女性。这些性别差异在大多数领域已经在最年轻的年龄组中出现，年龄组×性别交互作用表明，在最年长的组中存在分歧，女性比男性更快但准确性更低。
结论
结果表明，认知表现在此年龄段内有显著提高，且不同领域的效应大小不同。执行和推理领域的改善比记忆更为明显，这表明记忆能力在 8 岁之前已经达到顶峰。表现受到性别的调节，并且大多数性别差异在青春期早期就已经明显。
Zotero 插件