Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Water Res. 2012 Apr 15;46(6):1585-624. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.054. Epub 2012 Jan 13.
ICA - instrumentation, control and automation - is a hidden technology. It is ubiquitous in all industrial processes, including water and wastewater treatment systems. Still, as long as everything works fine, it is not noted but when things go wrong it will be observed. ICA has now about forty years of history in water and wastewater systems and is well recognized. One early attitude was that ICA will be a necessary burden to be added to a plant in order to correct for a poor design. However, the key reason for ICA is the fact that all processes are subject to disturbances, externally via the wastewater influent, from the customers in a water supply system, or from operations in one unit process that will propagate as a disturbance to another unit within a plant. This paper is an attempt to describe the development of ICA in water and wastewater systems. Most of it is based on personal experiences with all their limitations. No single paper can fairly describe the development that is documented in thousands of research papers, practiced by so many operators and process engineers and implemented in so many treatment systems. Still, the hope is that the paper can give a flavour of the most important ingredients of this fascinating development.
ICA——仪器、控制和自动化——是一项隐藏的技术。它普遍存在于所有工业过程中，包括水和废水处理系统。然而，只要一切正常运行，就不会被注意到，但一旦出现问题，就会被观察到。ICA 在水和废水系统中已有大约四十年的历史，并且得到了广泛的认可。早期的一种态度是，为了纠正设计上的缺陷，ICA 将成为工厂必须增加的负担。然而，ICA 的关键原因是所有过程都受到干扰，外部通过废水进水，来自供水系统中的客户，或来自一个单元过程的操作，这些干扰将传播到工厂中的另一个单元。本文试图描述 ICA 在水和废水系统中的发展。它主要基于个人经验，存在一定的局限性。没有哪一篇论文能够公正地描述数以千计的研究论文所记录的、如此多的操作人员和工艺工程师所实践的、以及在如此多的处理系统中实施的发展。尽管如此，我们仍希望本文能让读者领略到这一迷人发展的重要组成部分。
