Herrmann D, Hebestreit A, Ahrens W
BIPS - Institut für Epidemiologie und Präventionsforschung GmbH, Bremen, Deutschland.
Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2012 Jan;55(1):35-54. doi: 10.1007/s00103-011-1393-z.
Physical activity and exercise are important determinants for metabolic and cardiovascular health. They also play an important role for bone health in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. This review summarizes results from observational and intervention studies which evaluated the association between physical activity/exercise and bone health in different life course stages. In childhood and adolescence, physical activity and exercise induce improved bone accrual. In adulthood, mainly in postmenopausal women, long-term exercise programs reduce age-related bone loss. Especially weight-bearing activities seem to have an important osteogenic effect. Children and adolescent show a higher bone accrual until 5 years after cessation of an exercise program compared to their peers, who do not participate in an exercise program. In contrast, adults who quit exercising have a higher decrease in bone stiffness compared to adults who never exercised. This effect was particularly seen in postmenopausal women. Continuous physical activity and exercise over the life course and the implementation of exercise programs in schools and community-based intervention programs can help prevent or even reduce osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures. Due to the lack of prospective longitudinal studies, the supposed long-term sustainable protective effect of physical activity and exercise in childhood and adolescent on bone health in later adulthood is not well established.
身体活动和锻炼是代谢和心血管健康的重要决定因素。它们在儿童期、青春期和成年期对骨骼健康也起着重要作用。本综述总结了观察性研究和干预性研究的结果，这些研究评估了不同生命阶段身体活动/锻炼与骨骼健康之间的关联。在儿童期和青春期，身体活动和锻炼可促进骨骼更好地生长。在成年期，主要是绝经后女性，长期锻炼计划可减少与年龄相关的骨质流失。尤其是负重活动似乎具有重要的成骨作用。与未参加锻炼计划的同龄人相比，儿童和青少年在停止锻炼计划后的5年内骨骼生长更好。相比之下，停止锻炼的成年人与从未锻炼过的成年人相比，骨硬度下降幅度更大。这种影响在绝经后女性中尤为明显。在整个生命过程中持续进行身体活动和锻炼，以及在学校实施锻炼计划和开展社区干预计划，有助于预防甚至减少骨质疏松症及与骨质疏松症相关的骨折。由于缺乏前瞻性纵向研究，儿童期和青春期的身体活动和锻炼对成年后期骨骼健康的长期可持续保护作用尚未得到充分证实。
