Schulz K-H, Meyer A, Langguth N
Ambulanzzentrum, Fachbereich Sport- und Bewegungsmedizin, Institut für Medizinische Psychologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Deutschland.
Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2012 Jan;55(1):55-65. doi: 10.1007/s00103-011-1387-x.
Research on the association between physical activity and mental health addresses the beneficial effects of physical activity on emotional and cognitive functioning. With regard to emotional functioning, most studies focus on the influence of physical activity on depressive symptoms or affective disorders. These studies show that the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise and pharmacotherapy on depressive symptoms seem to be comparable and discuss a variety of neurobiological mechanisms that improve symptoms. The positive effects of physical activity on anxious mood and anxiety disorders are also well documented. Desensitization to physiological changes, improved self-esteem, and self-efficacy seem to play an important part. However, aerobic exercise does not improve mental health in every case, as seen for instance in over-trained athletes. Research on the relationship between physical activity and cognitive functioning reveals that physical activity can prevent the age-related cognitive decline and can delay the onset of dementia. Physical activity has beneficial effects not only on adults but also on children's and adolescents' mental health and cognitive performance, particularly on their executive functions that are still developing throughout adolescence. Finally, physical activity also affects the endocrine stress-regulation system: trained people reveal stronger reactivity and quicker regeneration when faced with stressful events.
关于身体活动与心理健康之间关联的研究探讨了身体活动对情绪和认知功能的有益影响。在情绪功能方面，大多数研究聚焦于身体活动对抑郁症状或情感障碍的影响。这些研究表明，有氧运动和药物治疗对抑郁症状的有益效果似乎相当，并讨论了多种改善症状的神经生物学机制。身体活动对焦虑情绪和焦虑症的积极影响也有充分记录。对生理变化的脱敏、自尊和自我效能的提高似乎起到了重要作用。然而，有氧运动并非在所有情况下都能改善心理健康，例如在过度训练的运动员身上就可见一斑。关于身体活动与认知功能之间关系的研究表明，身体活动可以预防与年龄相关的认知衰退，并能延缓痴呆症的发病。身体活动不仅对成年人有益，对儿童和青少年的心理健康及认知表现也有益，特别是对他们在整个青春期仍在发展的执行功能。最后，身体活动还会影响内分泌应激调节系统：受过训练的人在面对压力事件时表现出更强的反应能力和更快的恢复能力。
