Lamb K L, Brodie D A
Department of Movement Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liverpool, England.
Sports Med. 1990 Sep;10(3):159-80. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199010030-00003.
The assessment of physical activity by questionnaire is currently the most popular and practical method of quantifying physical activity levels. Many questionnaires, past and present, have considered overall or habitual physical activity, which includes occupational (or nonleisure) activity. Others have focused specifically on leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) owing to the recognition of its dominating contribution to the total physical activity of developed populations. This review covers questionnaires that wholly or in part attend to LTPA levels. Typically, self-complete or interviewer-administered questionnaires record information on the types, frequency and duration of activities performed over a particular period of time. Activity-specific energy cost values, expressed in metabolic equivalents (METS) or kilocalories, are then commonly used to estimate the total energy expenditure from all activities and/or categories of activities. The validation of LTPA questionnaires has had to rely upon indirect methods, such as the assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition and activity diaries. The reporting of the reliability of questionnaires has frequently been ignored, although in cases where it has been reported, doubt exists as to whether the consistency of the questionnaire or the consistency of subjects' physical activity habits were being examined. LTPA questionnaires first appeared in the literature in the mid-1960s for use among specific, mainly middle-aged male population groups. Though they varied in their modes of scoring, periods of activity recall, and overall complexity, associations were universally observed between physical activity levels and chronic health conditions. However, it became apparent that different questionnaires did not yield the same results. In 1978, a questionnaire to assess only LTPA, the Minnesota LTPA Questionnaire, was published and despite its substantial limitations, has since established itself as the most popular option available. In recent years, shorter and simpler alternatives have been advocated, though most have yet to be adequately scrutinised. Associations have been found between LTPA and fitness levels, prompting the use of LTPA questionnaires in large-scale fitness surveys of both adults and children. Although LTPA has continued to be estimated in terms of energy expenditure, little attempt has been made to extend existing knowledge on the energy cost of physical activities. Existing values do not accommodate for individual intensities and inter-population activity variations. Consequently, standardised questionnaires are not yet viable. There exists considerable scope for further work with LTPA questionnaires, especially since the association between coronary heart disease and physical activity is now well recognised. Efforts ought to be directed at wider social groups for whom leisure-time activity may have distinct implications.
通过问卷调查来评估身体活动水平，是目前量化身体活动水平最流行且实用的方法。过去和现在的许多问卷都考虑了总体或习惯性身体活动，其中包括职业（或非休闲）活动。还有一些问卷则专门关注休闲时间身体活动（LTPA），因为人们认识到它对发达人群总体身体活动的主要贡献。本综述涵盖了全部或部分关注LTPA水平的问卷。通常，自我填写或由访员管理的问卷会记录特定时间段内所进行活动的类型、频率和持续时间。然后，常用以代谢当量（METS）或千卡表示的特定活动能量消耗值，来估计所有活动和/或活动类别的总能量消耗。LTPA问卷的验证不得不依赖间接方法，如心肺适能、身体成分评估和活动日记。问卷可靠性的报告常常被忽视，尽管在有报告的情况下，对于所检验的是问卷的一致性还是受试者身体活动习惯的一致性仍存在疑问。LTPA问卷最早于20世纪60年代中期出现在文献中，供特定的、主要是中年男性人群使用。尽管它们在评分方式、活动回忆期和总体复杂性方面存在差异，但普遍观察到身体活动水平与慢性健康状况之间的关联。然而，很明显不同的问卷并没有得出相同的结果。1978年，一份仅用于评估LTPA的问卷——明尼苏达LTPA问卷出版了，尽管它有很大局限性，但自那以后已成为最受欢迎的选择。近年来，有人提倡使用更简短、更简单的替代问卷，不过大多数尚未得到充分审查。已发现LTPA与体能水平之间存在关联，这促使在针对成人和儿童的大规模体能调查中使用LTPA问卷。尽管LTPA仍继续以能量消耗来估计，但几乎没有尝试扩展关于身体活动能量消耗的现有知识。现有的值没有考虑个体强度和人群间活动差异。因此，标准化问卷目前还不可行。在LTPA问卷方面仍有相当大的进一步研究空间，特别是因为冠心病与身体活动之间的关联现在已得到充分认识。应该针对休闲时间活动可能有不同影响的更广泛社会群体开展工作。
