CNRS, Laboratoire TRACES, Université Toulouse 2, Maison de la Recherche, Toulouse, France.
J Hum Evol. 2012 Apr;62(4):435-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.12.005. Epub 2012 Mar 2.
The evolution of antlerworking technology in Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europe, especially the production of splinters, is usually described as a cumulative process. A progressive increase in blank standardization and productivity was prompted by the application of a key technical process, the groove and splinter technique (GST). The Badegoulian, however, appears as an interruption in this continuum. According to the original definition of this post-Solutrean, pre-Magdalenian archeological culture, one of its distinctive features is the absence of the GST and the manufacture of antler blanks by knapping only. However, this conception has been recently questioned, leading to an alternative hypothesis suggesting that both GST and knapping were used during the Badegoulian. In this article, we present new evidence from several sites in southwest France, which sheds new light on the issue of Badegoulian antlerworking and the transition with the subsequent Lower Magdalenian. Our study is based on two complementary methods: the technological analysis of antler assemblages well-dated to the Badegoulian (Le Cuzoul de Vers) or to the Lower Magdalenian (La Grotte des Scilles, Saint-Germain-la-Rivière), and the direct (14)C dating of specific antler artifacts from mixed or problematic contexts (Cap-Blanc, Reverdit and Lassac). The results firmly establish that, in southwest France, knapping is the only method used for the production of antler splinters during the Badegoulian, before ca. 20,500 cal BP (calibrated years before present), and that it is rapidly replaced by the GST at the beginning of the Lower Magdalenian, after ca. 20,500 cal BP. This technical shift is not linked to an influx of new human populations, environmental change or the supposed economic advantages of the GST. Instead, it must be understood as one of the expressions of a broader reconfiguration of the technical world that starts to take shape in the middle of the Last Glacial Maximum.
旧石器时代和中石器时代欧洲鹿角加工技术的演变，尤其是裂片的制作，通常被描述为一个累积的过程。关键技术工艺——槽与裂片技术（GST）的应用，促使毛坯标准化和生产力逐步提高。然而，巴德高利亚文化却在这个连续体中出现了中断。根据这个后索尔图雷-前马格德林文化的原始定义，其独特特征之一是缺乏 GST，并且只通过敲打法制造鹿角毛坯。然而，这种观念最近受到了质疑，导致了另一种假设，即 GST 和敲打法在巴德高利亚时期都曾被使用。在本文中，我们提出了来自法国西南部几个遗址的新证据，这些证据为巴德高利亚时期的鹿角加工和与随后的下马德林时期的过渡问题提供了新的线索。我们的研究基于两种互补的方法：对年代确定为巴德高利亚时期（Le Cuzoul de Vers）或下马德林时期（La Grotte des Scilles，Saint-Germain-la-Rivière）的鹿角组合进行技术分析，以及对来自混合或有问题背景（Cap-Blanc、Reverdit 和 Lassac）的特定鹿角文物进行直接（14）C 年代测定。结果明确表明，在法国西南部，在大约 20500 年前（校准的距今年前）之前，敲打法是巴德高利亚时期制造鹿角裂片的唯一方法，并且在大约 20500 年前之后，GST 迅速取代了敲打法，进入了下马德林时期。这种技术转变与新人类群体的涌入、环境变化或 GST 的所谓经济优势无关。相反，它必须被理解为始于末次冰盛期中期的技术世界更广泛重组的表现之一。
