Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 3521, Paris Descartes University and Caen University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Sorbonne, 75005 Paris, France.
J Exp Child Psychol. 2012 Jun;112(2):265-74. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.01.007. Epub 2012 Mar 6.
Regret and relief are related to counterfactual thinking and rely on comparison processes between what has been and what might have been. In this article, we study the development of regret and relief from late childhood to adulthood (11.2-20.2 years), and we examine how these two emotions affect individuals' willingness to retrospectively reconsider their choice in a computerized monetary gambling task. We asked participants to choose between two "wheels of fortune" that differed in the amount of gain and loss expected and the probability of winning. We manipulated the outcome of the wheel of fortune that was not selected by participants to induce regret or relief. For each trial, participants rated how they felt about the outcome and their willingness to modify their choice. Participants' ratings suggest that regret and relief are stronger in adults than in children and adolescents. Regret affects participants' willingness to modify their initial choice, but this desire is stronger for adults than for children. In children, the experience of regret seems to be dissociated from the willingness to reconsider a choice. This study provides the first evidence that the ability to experience counterfactually mediated emotions, such as regret and relief, and the ability to take them into consideration continue to develop during late childhood and adolescence.
后悔和宽慰与反事实思维有关，依赖于已发生和可能发生的事情之间的比较过程。在本文中，我们研究了从儿童晚期到成年期（11.2-20.2 岁）的后悔和宽慰的发展，并探讨了这两种情绪如何影响个体在计算机化货币赌博任务中对其选择进行回顾性重新考虑的意愿。我们要求参与者在两个“幸运轮”之间进行选择，这两个“幸运轮”在预期的收益和损失以及获胜概率方面有所不同。我们操纵了参与者未选择的幸运轮的结果，以引发后悔或宽慰。对于每个试验，参与者都会对结果的感觉及其修改选择的意愿进行评分。参与者的评分表明，后悔和宽慰在成年人中比在儿童和青少年中更强。后悔会影响参与者修改其初始选择的意愿，但这种愿望在成年人中比在儿童中更强。在儿童中，后悔的体验似乎与重新考虑选择的意愿分离。这项研究首次提供了证据，表明经历反事实中介情绪（如后悔和宽慰）的能力以及考虑这些情绪的能力在儿童晚期和青春期仍在继续发展。
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