Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2012;63:431-50. doi: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103854. Epub 2012 Feb 9.
Plants have evolved a plethora of different chemical defenses covering nearly all classes of (secondary) metabolites that represent a major barrier to herbivory: Some are constitutive; others are induced after attack. Many compounds act directly on the herbivore, whereas others act indirectly via the attraction of organisms from other trophic levels that, in turn, protect the plant. An enormous diversity of plant (bio)chemicals are toxic, repellent, or antinutritive for herbivores of all types. Examples include cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, alkaloids, and terpenoids; others are macromolecules and comprise latex or proteinase inhibitors. Their modes of action include membrane disruption, inhibition of nutrient and ion transport, inhibition of signal transduction processes, inhibition of metabolism, or disruption of the hormonal control of physiological processes. Recognizing the herbivore challenge and precise timing of plant activities as well as the adaptive modulation of the plants' metabolism is important so that metabolites and energy may be efficiently allocated to defensive activities.
植物进化出了大量不同的化学防御机制，涵盖了几乎所有（次生）代谢物类别，这些防御机制是抵御草食性的主要障碍：有些是组成型的，有些则是在受到攻击后诱导产生的。许多化合物直接作用于草食动物，而另一些则通过吸引来自其他营养水平的生物间接作用，这些生物反过来又保护了植物。植物的（生物）化学物质具有巨大的多样性，对各种类型的草食动物都具有毒性、驱避性或抗营养性。例如，氰苷、硫代葡萄糖苷、生物碱和萜类化合物；还有一些是大分子，包括乳胶或蛋白酶抑制剂。它们的作用模式包括破坏细胞膜、抑制营养物质和离子运输、抑制信号转导过程、抑制代谢或破坏生理过程的激素控制。识别草食动物的挑战和植物活动的精确时间以及植物代谢的适应性调节对于有效地将代谢物和能量分配到防御活动中非常重要。
