Aljbory Zainab, Chen Ming-Shun
Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.
Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.
Insect Sci. 2018 Feb;25(1):2-23. doi: 10.1111/1744-7917.12436. Epub 2017 Mar 20.
Plants respond to herbivore attack by launching 2 types of defenses: direct defense and indirect defense. Direct defense includes all plant traits that increase the resistance of host plants to insect herbivores by affecting the physiology and/or behavior of the attackers. Indirect defense includes all traits that by themselves do not have significant direct impact on the attacking herbivores, but can attract natural enemies of the herbivores and thus reduce plant loss. When plants recognize herbivore-associated elicitors, they produce and release a blend of volatiles that can attract predators, parasites, and other natural enemies. Known herbivore-associated elicitors include fatty acid-amino acid conjugates, sulfur-containing fatty acids, fragments of cell walls, peptides, esters, and enzymes. Identified plant volatiles include terpenes, nitrogenous compounds, and indoles. In addition, constitive traits including extrafloral nectars, food bodies, and domatia can be further induced to higher levels and attract natural enemies as well as provide food and shelter to carnivores. A better understanding of indirect plant defense at global and componential levels via advanced high throughput technologies may lead to utilization of indirect defense in suppression of herbivore damage to plants.
直接防御和间接防御。直接防御包括所有通过影响攻击者的生理和/或行为来提高宿主植物对昆虫食草动物抗性的植物特征。间接防御包括所有本身对攻击的食草动物没有显著直接影响，但能吸引食草动物的天敌从而减少植物损失的特征。当植物识别出与食草动物相关的诱导子后，它们会产生并释放出一种挥发性混合物，这种混合物可以吸引捕食者、寄生虫和其他天敌。已知的与食草动物相关的诱导子包括脂肪酸 - 氨基酸共轭物、含硫脂肪酸、细胞壁碎片、肽、酯和酶。已鉴定出的植物挥发性物质包括萜类、含氮化合物和吲哚。此外，包括花外蜜腺、食物体和虫瘿在内的组成性特征可以进一步诱导到更高水平，吸引天敌，并为食肉动物提供食物和庇护所。通过先进的高通量技术在全球和组成水平上更好地理解植物间接防御，可能会导致利用间接防御来抑制食草动物对植物的损害。
