University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2012 May;15(3):273-7. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32835204ad.
The International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes states that governments, non-governmental organizations, experts, consumers and industry need to cooperate in activities aimed at improving infant nutrition. However, the evidence from the last three decades is that of a series of disputes, legal proceedings and boycotts. The purpose of this review is to assess the overall progress in the implementation of the Code and to examine the problematic areas of monitoring, compliance and governance.
There are continuing issues of implementation, monitoring and compliance which predominantly reflect weak governance. Many Member States have yet to fully implement the Code recommendations and most States do not have adequate monitoring and reporting mechanisms. Application of the Code in developed countries may be undermined by a lack of consensus on the WHO recommendation of 6 months exclusive breastfeeding. There is evidence of continuing conflict and acrimony, especially between non-government organizations and industry.
Measures need to be taken to encourage the Member States to implement the Code and to establish the governance systems that will not only ensure effective implementation and monitoring of the Code, but also deliver the Code within a spirit of participation, collaboration and trust.
《国际母乳代用品销售守则》规定，政府、非政府组织、专家、消费者和行业需要合作开展旨在改善婴儿营养的活动。然而，过去三十年的证据表明，这是一系列的争议、法律诉讼和抵制。本审查的目的是评估《守则》实施的总体进展，并审查监测、合规和治理方面的问题领域。
实施、监测和合规方面仍存在诸多问题，主要反映出治理薄弱。许多会员国尚未全面执行《守则》建议，大多数国家没有足够的监测和报告机制。在发达国家，由于对世界卫生组织推荐的 6 个月纯母乳喂养缺乏共识，《守则》的应用可能受到影响。有证据表明，特别是在非政府组织和行业之间，持续存在冲突和不和。
需要采取措施鼓励会员国执行《守则》，并建立治理体系，不仅要确保《守则》的有效实施和监测，还要在参与、合作和信任的精神下实施《守则》。
