Sokol Ellen, Clark David, Aguayo Victor M
International Code Documentation Center, Penang, Malaysia.
Food Nutr Bull. 2008 Sep;29(3):159-62. doi: 10.1177/156482650802900301.
In 1981 the World Health Assembly (WHA) adopted the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes out of concern that inappropriate marketing of breastmilk substitutes was contributing to the alarming decline in breastfeeding worldwide and the increase in child malnutrition and mortality, particularly in developing countries.
To document progress, challenges, and lessons learned in the implementation of the International Code in West and Central Africa.
Data were obtained by literature review and interviews with key informants.
Twelve of the 24 countries have laws, decrees, or regulations that implement all or most of the provisions of the Code, 6 countries have a draft law or decree that is awaiting government approval or have a government committee that is studying how best to implement the Code, 3 countries have a legal instrument that enacts a few provisions of the Code, and 3 countries have not taken any action to implement the Code. International declarations and initiatives for child nutrition and survival have provided impetus for national implementation of the Code. National action to regulate the marketing of breastmilk substitutes needs to be linked to national priorities for nutrition and child survival. A clearly defined scope is essential for effective implementation of national legislation. Leadership and support by health professionals is essential to endorse and enforce national legislation. Training on Code implementation is instrumental for national action; national implementation of the Code requires provisions and capacity to monitor and enforce the legislative framework and needs to be part of a multipronged strategy to advance national child nutrition and survival goals.
Nations in West and Central Africa have made important progress in implementing the International Code. More than 25 years after its adoption by the WHA, the Code remains as important as ever for child survival and development in West and Central Africa.
1981年，世界卫生大会（WHA）通过了《国际母乳代用品销售守则》，原因是担心母乳代用品的不当营销导致全球母乳喂养率惊人下降，以及儿童营养不良和死亡率上升，特别是在发展中国家。
记录在西非和中非实施《国际守则》的进展、挑战和经验教训。
通过文献综述和与关键信息提供者的访谈获取数据。
24个国家中有12个国家有法律、法令或条例实施了该守则的全部或大部分条款，6个国家有等待政府批准的法律草案或法令，或有一个政府委员会正在研究如何最好地实施该守则，3个国家有一项实施该守则部分条款的法律文书，3个国家尚未采取任何行动实施该守则。关于儿童营养和生存的国际宣言和倡议为各国实施该守则提供了动力。国家对母乳代用品营销进行监管的行动需要与国家营养和儿童生存优先事项相联系。明确界定范围对于有效实施国家立法至关重要。卫生专业人员的领导和支持对于批准和执行国家立法至关重要。关于守则实施的培训对国家行动很有帮助；国家实施该守则需要有监测和执行立法框架的规定和能力，并且需要成为推进国家儿童营养和生存目标的多管齐下战略的一部分。
西非和中非国家在实施《国际守则》方面取得了重要进展。世界卫生大会通过该守则25年多后，该守则对西非和中非的儿童生存与发展仍然至关重要。
